An International Reference for the Protection of Human Dignity
"National Human Rights Institutions derive their strength from their independence, broad mandate, pluralism, and ability to connect the State, society, and international human rights mechanisms."
This page brings together key international instruments, principles, and resolutions that guide the work of National Human Rights Institutions, and define the standards for their independence, effectiveness, pluralism, and cooperation with public authorities, civil society, and international mechanisms.
⚖️ Legal Reference
The page presents the main international documents that form the legal and institutional basis for the work of National Human Rights Institutions.
🏛️ Independence and Effectiveness
It highlights standards related to independence, broad mandate, pluralism, adequate resources, and effective working methods.
🤝 Cooperation and Partnerships
It explains the relationship between National Human Rights Institutions, parliaments, civil society organizations, and human rights defenders.
Why this legal framework matters
National Human Rights Institutions are essential pillars of the national and international systems for the promotion and protection of human rights. They monitor the human rights situation, advise public authorities, receive and handle complaints, contribute to legislative and policy reform, and promote a culture of human rights.
The legal framework governing these institutions has developed through international treaties, United Nations resolutions, and guiding principles designed to ensure their independence, effectiveness, and ability to fulfil their mandate without undue interference.
Paris Principles
Principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights, adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 20 December 1993.
Kandy Programme of Action
The Kandy Programme of Action on cooperation between National Human Rights Institutions and non-governmental organizations, adopted in Kandy, Sri Lanka, from 26 to 28 July 1999.
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture
Adopted on 18 December 2002 during the fifty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly by Resolution A/RES/57/199.
Entry into Force of OPCAT
The Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture entered into force on 22 June 2006, establishing a preventive system based on regular visits to places where people are deprived of their liberty.
Belgrade Principles
The Belgrade Principles on the relationship between National Human Rights Institutions and parliaments, adopted in Belgrade, Serbia, on 22 and 23 February 2012.
United Nations Resolutions on NHRIs
Human Rights Council Resolution 45/22, adopted on 6 October 2020, and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 75/186, adopted on 16 December 2020.
Subpages and Reference Documents
- 📘 Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
- ⚖️ Paris Principles, Principles relating to the status of National Human Rights Institutions
- 🏛️ Human Rights Council Resolution 45/22 on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
- 🌐 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 75/186 on National Human Rights Institutions
- 🤝 Belgrade Principles on the Relationship between National Human Rights Institutions and Parliaments
- 🧩 Kandy Programme of Action, Cooperation between National Human Rights Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations
- 📝 Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering, Méndez Principles
- 🕊️ Marrakesh Declaration, Expanding Civic Space and Promoting Human Rights Defenders
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