{"id":5904,"date":"2026-03-24T10:17:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T08:17:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/5904"},"modified":"2026-03-25T20:56:52","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T18:56:52","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%b4%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b6%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/5904","title":{"rendered":"Probl\u00e9matiques constitutionnelles et garanties juridiques dans l\u2019accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es entre le Liban et la Syrie"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La conclusion d\u2019un accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es entre le Liban et la Syrie soul\u00e8ve une s\u00e9rie de questions juridiques et constitutionnelles profondes, qui d\u00e9passent la dimension proc\u00e9durale li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des peines pour toucher au c\u0153ur du principe de l\u00e9galit\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des pouvoirs, aux garanties du proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 ses implications sur les droits des individus concern\u00e9s. Cet accord s\u2019inscrit dans un cadre juridique international complexe, r\u00e9gi par les r\u00e8gles du droit international public, les pratiques compar\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re d\u2019accords bilat\u00e9raux, ainsi que par les contraintes constitutionnelles nationales.<\/p>\n

La juriste Ghida Frangieh, dans un rapport publi\u00e9 par The Legal Agenda<\/em>, analyse les dimensions juridiques de cet accord, en mettant en lumi\u00e8re la question du m\u00e9canisme de sa conclusion et le respect des proc\u00e9dures constitutionnelles pr\u00e9vues par le syst\u00e8me juridique libanais. L\u2019article 52 de la Constitution libanaise confie au Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique, en coordination avec le Conseil des ministres, la comp\u00e9tence de n\u00e9gocier et de conclure les trait\u00e9s internationaux. Toutefois, il impose la soumission de certaines cat\u00e9gories de trait\u00e9s au Parlement pour approbation, notamment ceux qui ne peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9nonc\u00e9s annuellement, qui comportent des charges financi\u00e8res ou qui affectent les droits des citoyens.<\/p>\n

Cette lecture est confort\u00e9e par la comparaison avec des accords similaires conclus avec d\u2019autres \u00c9tats, lesquels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9s apr\u00e8s approbation parlementaire, notamment avec la Russie (loi n\u00b0 49\/2017), la Bulgarie (loi n\u00b0 467\/2002) et Chypre (loi n\u00b0 481\/1995). Par ailleurs, la Convention arabe relative au transfert des d\u00e9tenus des institutions p\u00e9nitentiaires et de r\u00e9habilitation, adopt\u00e9e dans le cadre de la Ligue des \u00c9tats arabes et entr\u00e9e en vigueur en 2013, a \u00e9t\u00e9 ratifi\u00e9e par le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 8780\/2022.<\/p>\n

S\u2019agissant des accords bilat\u00e9raux avec la Syrie, plusieurs ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 conclus apr\u00e8s approbation du Parlement, notamment l\u2019annexe \u00e0 l\u2019accord de coop\u00e9ration judiciaire de 1997 relative au droit d\u2019ester en justice et \u00e0 la reconnaissance des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019arbitrage entre les deux pays (loi n\u00b0 630\/1997). En revanche, un accord de coop\u00e9ration entre les instituts judiciaires des deux pays pour l\u2019\u00e9change d\u2019expertises a \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu par d\u00e9cret sans approbation parlementaire (d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 11433\/2003).<\/p>\n

Il convient \u00e9galement de noter que les deux \u00c9tats avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 sign\u00e9 en 2010 un accord similaire organisant le transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab Accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 des peines privatives de libert\u00e9 \u00bb, sign\u00e9 le 18 juillet 2010 par le ministre libanais de la Justice Ibrahim Najjar et son homologue syrien Ahmad Hamoud Younes. Bien que cet accord ait \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 sur le site du Conseil sup\u00e9rieur libano-syrien, aucune preuve n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e quant \u00e0 sa ratification conform\u00e9ment aux proc\u00e9dures requises, que ce soit par d\u00e9cret ou par loi, ce qui sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il n\u2019est jamais entr\u00e9 en vigueur.<\/p>\n

Sur cette base, la qualification de l\u2019accord actuel soul\u00e8ve des interrogations, notamment en raison de sa nature ind\u00e9termin\u00e9e, puisqu\u2019il demeure en vigueur jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa d\u00e9nonciation par l\u2019une des parties. Cela plaide en faveur de son assujettissement \u00e0 l\u2019approbation du pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif. S\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu par simple d\u00e9cret de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif sans passer par le Parlement, cela pourrait soulever une question d\u2019inconstitutionnalit\u00e9 li\u00e9e au d\u00e9passement des comp\u00e9tences et au respect du principe de s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9bat juridique ne se limite pas \u00e0 la question de la conclusion, mais s\u2019\u00e9tend \u00e0 la nature du r\u00e9gime juridique instaur\u00e9 par l\u2019accord. Celui-ci ne conduit ni \u00e0 l\u2019extinction ni \u00e0 la suppression de la peine, mais \u00e0 son transfert d\u2019ex\u00e9cution d\u2019un \u00c9tat \u00e0 un autre, conform\u00e9ment au principe de \u00ab continuit\u00e9 de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des peines \u00bb. Cela signifie que la d\u00e9cision judiciaire rendue par l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019origine demeure valable sur le plan juridique, tandis que l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil assure l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de la peine conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 son droit interne, sans en modifier la nature ni l\u2019aggraver.<\/p>\n

Ce principe est bien \u00e9tabli dans les accords internationaux relatifs au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es, car il permet de concilier la souverainet\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat ayant prononc\u00e9 la condamnation avec des consid\u00e9rations humanitaires et proc\u00e9durales li\u00e9es \u00e0 la personne condamn\u00e9e, notamment la possibilit\u00e9 de purger sa peine dans un environnement social et culturel plus proche. Toutefois, cet \u00e9quilibre d\u00e9pend de la clart\u00e9 des garanties juridiques encadrant la relation entre la d\u00e9cision initiale et les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019ex\u00e9cution dans l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil.<\/p>\n

Dans ce cadre, les conditions requises pour le transfert constituent un \u00e9l\u00e9ment central de la protection des droits des personnes condamn\u00e9es et de la pr\u00e9vention des abus. Parmi ces conditions figure notamment le principe de la double incrimination, qui exige que les faits pour lesquels la personne a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9e soient punissables dans les deux syst\u00e8mes juridiques, ainsi que le consentement de la personne condamn\u00e9e, garantissant le respect de sa volont\u00e9 libre et \u00e9clair\u00e9e et \u00e9vitant tout transfert forc\u00e9 susceptible de constituer un traitement inhumain ou d\u00e9gradant.<\/p>\n

Les accords de ce type exigent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9galement l\u2019accord des deux \u00c9tats concern\u00e9s, consacrant ainsi le caract\u00e8re souverain de cette forme de coop\u00e9ration judiciaire. Toutefois, ce pouvoir d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour refuser un transfert sur la base de notions larges et ind\u00e9termin\u00e9es telles que la \u00ab s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale \u00bb ou \u00ab l\u2019ordre public \u00bb, ce qui soul\u00e8ve des inqui\u00e9tudes quant \u00e0 l\u2019extension du pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire des \u00c9tats au d\u00e9triment des droits des individus.<\/p>\n

Une autre probl\u00e9matique importante concerne la distinction entre les cat\u00e9gories de d\u00e9tenus, notamment entre les personnes condamn\u00e9es et les personnes en d\u00e9tention provisoire. Les premi\u00e8res font l\u2019objet de d\u00e9cisions judiciaires d\u00e9finitives ou ex\u00e9cutoires et rel\u00e8vent du r\u00e9gime d\u2019ex\u00e9cution des peines, ce qui permet \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 ex\u00e9cutive d\u2019intervenir dans l\u2019organisation de cette ex\u00e9cution, y compris par le transfert. En revanche, les personnes en d\u00e9tention provisoire b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la pr\u00e9somption d\u2019innocence, et toute d\u00e9cision relative \u00e0 leur situation, y compris leur transfert, rel\u00e8ve exclusivement de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 judiciaire.<\/p>\n

Cette distinction constitue une application concr\u00e8te du principe de s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs, qui interdit \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif d\u2019interf\u00e9rer dans le fonctionnement du pouvoir judiciaire ou d\u2019influencer le cours de la justice. D\u00e8s lors, toute tentative d\u2019\u00e9tendre l\u2019application de l\u2019accord aux personnes en d\u00e9tention provisoire sans garanties judiciaires suffisantes pourrait constituer une violation de ce principe et porter atteinte aux droits fondamentaux.<\/p>\n

Par ailleurs, l\u2019accord soul\u00e8ve des questions relatives aux garanties post\u00e9rieures au transfert, notamment en ce qui concerne l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de la peine dans l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil. Bien que la peine soit cens\u00e9e se poursuivre conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision initiale, son ex\u00e9cution d\u00e9pend du droit interne de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil, ce qui peut entra\u00eener des divergences dans le calcul de la dur\u00e9e de la peine, les conditions de lib\u00e9ration anticip\u00e9e ou encore la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019octroi de gr\u00e2ce.<\/p>\n

La difficult\u00e9 r\u00e9side ici dans l\u2019absence de dispositions claires encadrant la relation entre les deux syst\u00e8mes juridiques et d\u00e9finissant les limites du pouvoir de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil en mati\u00e8re de modification ou d\u2019all\u00e8gement de la peine. Dans certains accords, il est express\u00e9ment pr\u00e9vu que la peine ne peut \u00eatre aggrav\u00e9e et que sa nature et sa dur\u00e9e doivent \u00eatre respect\u00e9es, tout en permettant une adaptation au droit interne. En l\u2019absence de telles garanties, des interpr\u00e9tations divergentes peuvent appara\u00eetre, portant atteinte au principe de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique et cr\u00e9ant une incertitude pour les personnes condamn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

La question de la gr\u00e2ce ou de la r\u00e9duction de peine apr\u00e8s le transfert constitue \u00e9galement un enjeu particuli\u00e8rement sensible. Si certains syst\u00e8mes juridiques permettent \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019ex\u00e9cution d\u2019accorder une gr\u00e2ce ou une r\u00e9duction, cela peut entrer en conflit avec la volont\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat ayant prononc\u00e9 la condamnation et soulever des interrogations quant au respect de sa souverainet\u00e9 judiciaire. En l\u2019absence de dispositions explicites, il devient n\u00e9cessaire de se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer aux principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit international et aux pratiques compar\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Enfin, la dimension des droits humains demeure centrale. Le transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es doit s\u2019effectuer dans le respect int\u00e9gral des normes internationales relatives aux droits de l\u2019homme, notamment le droit \u00e0 un proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable, l\u2019interdiction de la torture et des traitements inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants, ainsi que le respect de la dignit\u00e9 des personnes d\u00e9tenues. Il est donc essentiel de s\u2019assurer que l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019accueil garantit des conditions de d\u00e9tention conformes \u00e0 ces standards et que la personne transf\u00e9r\u00e9e ne sera pas expos\u00e9e \u00e0 des violations ou \u00e0 des discriminations.<\/p>\n

Cela implique \u00e9galement de v\u00e9rifier que le consentement de la personne condamn\u00e9e est donn\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re libre et \u00e9clair\u00e9e, et qu\u2019elle comprend pleinement les cons\u00e9quences juridiques du transfert, notamment en ce qui concerne les diff\u00e9rences dans les r\u00e9gimes d\u2019ex\u00e9cution des peines et leurs effets potentiels sur ses droits proc\u00e9duraux. Cette garantie constitue un \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel pour pr\u00e9venir toute utilisation abusive du m\u00e9canisme de transfert.<\/p>\n

En conclusion, l\u2019accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es met en \u00e9vidence une interaction complexe entre les consid\u00e9rations de souverainet\u00e9, les exigences de coop\u00e9ration judiciaire et les garanties des droits humains, dans un cadre juridique n\u00e9cessitant pr\u00e9cision, clart\u00e9 et respect rigoureux des principes constitutionnels. Il souligne \u00e9galement la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de soumettre ce type d\u2019accord \u00e0 un d\u00e9bat public et institutionnel approfondi, associant les diff\u00e9rents acteurs juridiques, afin d\u2019en assurer la conformit\u00e9 avec les normes nationales et internationales.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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La conclusion d\u2019un accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es entre le Liban et la Syrie soul\u00e8ve une s\u00e9rie de questions juridiques et constitutionnelles profondes, qui d\u00e9passent la dimension proc\u00e9durale li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des peines pour toucher au c\u0153ur du principe de l\u00e9galit\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des pouvoirs, aux garanties du proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 ses […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5107,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5904","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-actualites"},"yoast_head":"\nProbl\u00e9matiques constitutionnelles et garanties juridiques dans l\u2019accord relatif au transfert des personnes condamn\u00e9es entre le Liban et la Syrie | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\\\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\\\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). 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