{"id":5070,"date":"2025-11-21T09:50:19","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T07:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/5070"},"modified":"2026-03-17T15:40:01","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T13:40:01","slug":"%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a5%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-2025-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/5070","title":{"rendered":"Vers l\u2019abolition de la peine de mort au Liban : 2025, une ann\u00e9e de transition de la pratique \u00e0 la voie l\u00e9gislative"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L\u2019ann\u00e9e 2025 a marqu\u00e9 une \u00e9volution qualitative dans la mani\u00e8re dont la peine de mort est abord\u00e9e au Liban, le d\u00e9bat \u00e9tant pass\u00e9 d\u2019une controverse de longue date en mati\u00e8re de droits humains \u00e0 une trajectoire l\u00e9gislative claire et institutionnelle. Cette \u00e9volution s\u2019est traduite par la pr\u00e9sentation, le 25 septembre 2025, d\u2019une proposition de loi visant \u00e0 abolir compl\u00e8tement cette peine du syst\u00e8me p\u00e9nal<\/a>. Ce d\u00e9veloppement s\u2019inscrit dans un contexte libanais particulier, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un moratoire de facto sur les ex\u00e9cutions depuis 2004, malgr\u00e9 le maintien de la peine capitale dans les textes juridiques, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une dualit\u00e9 entre le droit et la pratique.<\/p>\n

La proposition de loi soumise au Parlement refl\u00e8te une orientation explicite vers l\u2019abolition de la peine de mort partout o\u00f9 elle appara\u00eet dans la l\u00e9gislation libanaise, et son remplacement par les peines maximales imm\u00e9diatement inf\u00e9rieures. Elle pr\u00e9voit \u00e9galement que les personnes d\u00e9j\u00e0 condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 mort puissent b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des dispositions de la nouvelle loi, traduisant ainsi une approche r\u00e9formatrice visant non seulement \u00e0 modifier les textes futurs, mais aussi \u00e0 traiter les situations existantes. Le projet s\u2019appuie sur plusieurs motifs, notamment la tendance mondiale \u00e0 l\u2019abolition et la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 du cas libanais, o\u00f9 aucune ex\u00e9cution n\u2019a eu lieu depuis plus de deux d\u00e9cennies.<\/p>\n

Les probl\u00e9matiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 la peine de mort au Liban ne se limitent pas \u00e0 sa dimension juridique, mais s\u2019\u00e9tendent aux conditions de d\u00e9tention. Les donn\u00e9es disponibles indiquent que les prisons libanaises souffrent d\u2019une surpopulation s\u00e9v\u00e8re, avec un taux d\u2019occupation d\u2019environ 194 %, les pla\u00e7ant parmi les plus surpeupl\u00e9es de la r\u00e9gion. Des cas pouvant s\u2019apparenter \u00e0 des mauvais traitements ont \u00e9t\u00e9 signal\u00e9s, ainsi qu\u2019une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de l\u2019\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 physique et mentale des condamn\u00e9s, avec des informations faisant \u00e9tat de tentatives de suicide r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es. Ces conditions soul\u00e8vent de s\u00e9rieuses pr\u00e9occupations quant \u00e0 leur conformit\u00e9 aux normes internationales des droits humains.<\/p>\n

Le Liban maintient toujours la peine de mort dans son cadre l\u00e9gislatif. Elle est pr\u00e9vue par le Code p\u00e9nal ainsi que par d\u2019autres lois, notamment le Code de justice militaire et certaines lois sp\u00e9ciales. Selon les donn\u00e9es disponibles, le Code p\u00e9nal pr\u00e9voit 19 crimes passibles de la peine de mort, tandis que le cadre juridique \u00e9largi comprend plus de 41 dispositions l\u00e9gislatives permettant son application \u00e0 une vingtaine d\u2019infractions. Celles-ci sont r\u00e9parties entre le Code p\u00e9nal et le Code de justice militaire, avec un nombre limit\u00e9 dans des lois sp\u00e9ciales, dont une disposition dans la loi n\u00b0 673 du 16 mars 1998 relative aux stup\u00e9fiants, substances psychotropes et pr\u00e9curseurs chimiques, et deux dispositions dans la loi n\u00b0 64 du 12 ao\u00fbt 1988 relative \u00e0 la protection de l\u2019environnement contre les d\u00e9chets dangereux et substances nocives.<\/p>\n

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Cette trajectoire l\u00e9gislative a atteint son apog\u00e9e en 2025 lorsque le Conseil des ministres a examin\u00e9 la proposition de loi le 20 novembre 2025 et a \u00e9mis un avis \u00e9crit d\u00e9taill\u00e9 soutenant<\/a> pleinement son abolition, marquant une \u00e9tape sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent au niveau du pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif. Cette position s\u2019est appuy\u00e9e sur deux avis juridiques \u00e9manant du minist\u00e8re de la Justice et du minist\u00e8re des Affaires sociales, qui ont confirm\u00e9 que l\u2019abolition est conforme aux engagements internationaux du Liban et s\u2019inscrit dans l\u2019\u00e9volution des politiques p\u00e9nales vers une approche ax\u00e9e sur la r\u00e9habilitation.<\/p>\n

La lettre adress\u00e9e par le Premier ministre, le juge Nawaf Salam<\/a>, au Parlement constitue un jalon essentiel dans ce processus. Elle propose une approche globale de l\u2019abolition, soulignant que la question d\u00e9passe la simple modification l\u00e9gislative pour repr\u00e9senter un choix civilisationnel refl\u00e9tant l\u2019engagement de l\u2019\u00c9tat en faveur du droit \u00e0 la vie. Elle met \u00e9galement en \u00e9vidence que le maintien de cette peine dans les textes, malgr\u00e9 son non-recours pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, cr\u00e9e une contradiction juridique qui doit \u00eatre r\u00e9solue par une abolition explicite et compl\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

La lettre souligne en outre que l\u2019abolition ne signifie pas indulgence envers les crimes graves, mais appelle au d\u00e9veloppement de politiques p\u00e9nales alternatives s\u2019attaquant aux causes profondes de la criminalit\u00e9, telles que la pauvret\u00e9, la marginalisation et les facteurs sociaux. Elle insiste sur le fait que les peines maximales alternatives doivent garantir la justice et la protection de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, sans recourir \u00e0 une sanction irr\u00e9versible.<\/p>\n

Au niveau international, cette dynamique refl\u00e8te une \u00e9volution de la position du Liban dans le d\u00e9bat mondial sur la peine de mort. Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le Liban a vot\u00e9 en faveur des r\u00e9solutions des Nations Unies appelant \u00e0 un moratoire sur les ex\u00e9cutions, ce qui t\u00e9moigne d\u2019un alignement progressif avec la tendance mondiale \u00e0 l\u2019abolition. Toutefois, jusqu\u2019en 2025, cet alignement est rest\u00e9 essentiellement limit\u00e9 aux pratiques politiques et diplomatiques, sans traduction en dispositions juridiques contraignantes.<\/p>\n

Les donn\u00e9es disponibles r\u00e9v\u00e8lent la persistance d\u2019une contradiction structurelle entre le maintien de la peine de mort dans la l\u00e9gislation et la suspension de son application en pratique depuis plus de deux d\u00e9cennies. Depuis la derni\u00e8re ex\u00e9cution en 2004, le Liban vit sous un moratoire non officiel, le pla\u00e7ant dans une position interm\u00e9diaire entre les \u00c9tats r\u00e9tentionnistes et ceux engag\u00e9s vers l\u2019abolition.<\/p>\n

Selon le rapport \u00ab R\u00e9partition des d\u00e9tenus actuels selon la dur\u00e9e de la peine, la cat\u00e9gorie et le type d\u2019infraction \u00bb<\/a>, publi\u00e9 par la Direction des prisons du minist\u00e8re de la Justice, 85 personnes \u00e9taient condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 mort \u00e0 la fin de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2025. Les donn\u00e9es publi\u00e9es<\/a> par la Coalition mondiale contre la peine de mort (ECPM), en coop\u00e9ration avec la Lebanese Association for Civil Rights (LACR) et l\u2019association Justice et Mis\u00e9ricorde (AJEM), indiquent que 84 personnes \u00e9taient condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 mort \u00e0 la fin de 2024, dont au moins une femme. Des informations font \u00e9galement \u00e9tat de conditions pouvant s\u2019apparenter \u00e0 des mauvais traitements, notamment une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de la sant\u00e9 physique et mentale et des tentatives de suicide r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es. Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments illustrent la nature complexe de la peine de mort, non seulement comme sanction maximale, mais aussi comme situation de d\u00e9tention prolong\u00e9e dans des conditions difficiles.<\/p>\n

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Les tendances judiciaires au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie montrent \u00e9galement une diminution significative du nombre de condamnations \u00e0 mort. Celles-ci sont pass\u00e9es de 28 en 2015 \u00e0 seulement deux en 2024, traduisant une approche judiciaire plus prudente. Les donn\u00e9es pour 2025 indiquent en outre qu\u2019aucune nouvelle condamnation \u00e0 mort n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e, ce qui renforce la tendance \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de son usage jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une quasi-suspension en pratique.<\/p>\n

Parall\u00e8lement, la peine de mort s\u2019inscrit dans un contexte plus large de d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s aux conditions de d\u00e9tention. Les prisons libanaises figurent parmi les plus surpeupl\u00e9es du Moyen-Orient, avec un taux d\u2019occupation atteignant 194 %, ce qui engendre des conditions de vie difficiles, notamment en mati\u00e8re d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne, de soins de sant\u00e9 et d\u2019alimentation. Ces conditions affectent particuli\u00e8rement les condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 mort, soumis \u00e0 de longues p\u00e9riodes d\u2019attente incertaines, aggravant leur souffrance psychologique et soulevant de s\u00e9rieuses interrogations quant au respect des normes internationales relatives au traitement des d\u00e9tenus.<\/p>\n

Au niveau international, le Liban continue de s\u2019inscrire partiellement dans la tendance mondiale en faveur de la suspension de la peine de mort, ayant vot\u00e9 en faveur des r\u00e9solutions des Nations Unies appelant \u00e0 un moratoire depuis 2020 et accept\u00e9 partiellement des recommandations connexes dans le cadre de l\u2019Examen p\u00e9riodique universel. Toutefois, cet engagement reste incomplet en l\u2019absence d\u2019une abolition l\u00e9gislative claire.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, avec la proposition de loi en cours d\u2019examen aux plus hauts niveaux, le Liban semble se trouver \u00e0 un moment d\u00e9cisif. L\u2019adoption de cette loi permettrait de passer d\u2019un \u00ab moratoire de facto \u00bb \u00e0 une \u00ab abolition juridique \u00bb, renfor\u00e7ant la coh\u00e9rence du syst\u00e8me juridique et consacrant la protection du droit \u00e0 la vie comme un droit fondamental non d\u00e9rogeable.<\/p>\n

En conclusion, l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2025 peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un tournant dans la trajectoire de la peine de mort au Liban, o\u00f9 la volont\u00e9 l\u00e9gislative et ex\u00e9cutive a converg\u00e9 avec les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s pratiques et les engagements internationaux pour ouvrir la voie \u00e0 son abolition d\u00e9finitive. Le d\u00e9fi r\u00e9side d\u00e9sormais dans l\u2019ach\u00e8vement de ce processus au Parlement et dans la transformation de cette orientation en une base juridique solide refl\u00e9tant l\u2019\u00e9volution du syst\u00e8me juridique libanais et ses progr\u00e8s en mati\u00e8re de droits humains.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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  L\u2019ann\u00e9e 2025 a marqu\u00e9 une \u00e9volution qualitative dans la mani\u00e8re dont la peine de mort est abord\u00e9e au Liban, le d\u00e9bat \u00e9tant pass\u00e9 d\u2019une controverse de longue date en mati\u00e8re de droits humains \u00e0 une trajectoire l\u00e9gislative claire et institutionnelle. 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). Une institution nationale ind\u00e9pendante \u00e9tablie en vertu de la loi n\u00b0 62\/2016, qui comprend un m\u00e9canisme national de pr\u00e9vention de la torture (le Comit\u00e9 pour la pr\u00e9vention de la torture), conform\u00e9ment aux dispositions de la loi n\u00b0 12\/2008 (ratifiant le Protocole facultatif se rapportant \u00e0 la Convention contre la torture).","sameAs":["https:\/\/nhrclb.org","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/nhrclb\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/nhrc_lb","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/nhrclb","https:\/\/x.com\/nhrclb","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCDxi0DJVqYSNfc06GleK8ig","https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/nhrclb"],"url":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/author\/admin2024"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5070"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5074,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5070\/revisions\/5074"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5070"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5070"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5070"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}