{"id":4083,"date":"2026-01-08T13:06:03","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T11:06:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/4083"},"modified":"2026-01-08T13:25:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T11:25:34","slug":"the-social-psychology-of-kafala-in-lebanon-structural-inequities-mental-harm-and-the-limits-of-resilience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/4083","title":{"rendered":"La psychologie sociale du syst\u00e8me de kafala au Liban : in\u00e9galit\u00e9s structurelles, pr\u00e9judices psychiques et limites de la r\u00e9silience"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 23 d\u00e9cembre 2025, la revue scientifique International Migration, publication \u00e9valu\u00e9e par les pairs et \u00e9dit\u00e9e par Wiley en collaboration avec l\u2019Organisation internationale pour les migrations, a publi\u00e9 une \u00e9tude majeure intitul\u00e9e \u00ab The Social Psychology of Kafala: Structural Inequities, Intersectional Harms and Host Society Narratives in Lebanon \u00bb.<\/a> R\u00e9dig\u00e9e par Rhea Al Riachi et Jasmin Lilian Diab, cette recherche constitue l\u2019une des analyses les plus approfondies \u00e0 ce jour sur les effets du syst\u00e8me de kafala au Liban, en mettant en lumi\u00e8re non seulement ses dimensions juridiques et \u00e9conomiques, mais aussi ses cons\u00e9quences psychologiques profondes et durables sur les travailleuses domestiques migrantes.<\/p>\n

En s\u2019\u00e9loignant des approches strictement juridiques ou centr\u00e9es sur le droit du travail, l\u2019\u00e9tude adopte un cadre socio-psychologique et intersectionnel pour analyser la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019exploitation est normalis\u00e9e, reproduite et int\u00e9rioris\u00e9e, tant au niveau institutionnel que soci\u00e9tal. Elle offre ainsi des enseignements essentiels pour les acteurs des droits humains, les d\u00e9cideurs publics et les m\u00e9canismes nationaux de responsabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

La kafala comme syst\u00e8me de violence structurelle<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le syst\u00e8me de kafala au Liban lie le statut l\u00e9gal de s\u00e9jour d\u2019une travailleuse domestique migrante \u00e0 un seul employeur, conf\u00e9rant \u00e0 ce dernier un pouvoir quasi absolu sur sa mobilit\u00e9, la continuit\u00e9 de son emploi et, dans de nombreux cas, son acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la justice. Si ce syst\u00e8me est depuis longtemps d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 pour les abus qu\u2019il facilite, Al Riachi et Diab d\u00e9montrent que ses effets ne peuvent \u00eatre compris uniquement \u00e0 travers le prisme contractuel ou juridique.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude montre que la kafala agit comme un d\u00e9terminant structurel de la sant\u00e9 mentale, institutionnalisant la d\u00e9pendance, la surveillance et les hi\u00e9rarchies racialis\u00e9es dans la vie quotidienne. Les travailleuses domestiques migrantes, majoritairement des femmes originaires d\u2019\u00c9thiopie, du Bangladesh, du Sri Lanka, du Kenya ou des Philippines, se trouvent \u00e0 l\u2019intersection de plusieurs formes de discrimination, li\u00e9es au genre, \u00e0 la race, \u00e0 la classe sociale et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 juridique. Cette intersectionnalit\u00e9 les expose \u00e0 des risques accrus de d\u00e9tresse psychologique, notamment l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 chronique, la d\u00e9pression, les traumatismes et un profond sentiment de d\u00e9shumanisation.<\/p>\n

Les auteures soulignent que ces atteintes psychiques ne sont pas accidentelles, mais structurelles, r\u00e9sultant d\u2019une exposition prolong\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019impuissance, \u00e0 l\u2019isolement et \u00e0 la menace constante de la d\u00e9tention ou de l\u2019expulsion.<\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9cits de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019accueil et la normalisation de l\u2019exclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019une des contributions les plus originales de l\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9side dans son analyse des repr\u00e9sentations sociales au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 libanaise. En mobilisant des concepts issus de la psychologie sociale, les auteures examinent comment les dynamiques de groupe, l\u2019exclusion morale et les normes racialis\u00e9es du travail domestique contribuent \u00e0 l\u00e9gitimer la marginalisation des travailleuses migrantes.<\/p>\n

Ces derni\u00e8res sont souvent per\u00e7ues comme temporaires, subalternes, ou ext\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 morale nationale. Ces r\u00e9cits deviennent particuli\u00e8rement visibles en p\u00e9riode de crise, lorsque les ressources se rar\u00e9fient et que les fronti\u00e8res sociales se durcissent. L\u2019\u00e9tude documente comment, durant les crises successives qu\u2019a connues le Liban, l\u2019effondrement \u00e9conomique, la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 et l\u2019explosion du port de Beyrouth, les travailleuses domestiques migrantes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement exclues des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019aide, d\u2019h\u00e9bergement et de soutien psychosocial.<\/p>\n

Cette exclusion, expliquent les auteures, n\u2019est pas seulement administrative. Elle s\u2019inscrit dans des processus de d\u00e9ni de responsabilit\u00e9 morale, o\u00f9 la souffrance de certains groupes est rendue invisible ou socialement acceptable.<\/p>\n

Les crises comme amplificateurs de la souffrance psychologique<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019explosion du port de Beyrouth, le 4 ao\u00fbt 2020, constitue un cas d\u2019\u00e9tude central de la recherche. De nombreuses travailleuses domestiques migrantes vivaient dans des quartiers gravement touch\u00e9s, tels que Karantina, Bourj Hammoud et Achrafieh. L\u2019explosion a entra\u00een\u00e9 des pertes soudaines de logement, d\u2019emploi et une exposition massive au traumatisme.<\/p>\n

Cependant, l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u00e9montre que cette catastrophe n\u2019a pas cr\u00e9\u00e9 de nouvelles vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s, mais a aggrav\u00e9 des vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s d\u00e9j\u00e0 existantes. Des travailleuses d\u00e9j\u00e0 victimes d\u2019abus ou de confinement ont \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9es par leurs employeurs, exclues des dispositifs d\u2019urgence et priv\u00e9es d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux services de sant\u00e9 mentale. Les bruits, l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 et l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 persistante ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 des effets psychologiques durables, tels que les troubles du sommeil, les attaques de panique et l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 chronique.<\/p>\n

Les auteures d\u00e9crivent un cycle de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9, dans lequel l\u2019exploitation structurelle engendre la d\u00e9tresse psychique, laquelle r\u00e9duit \u00e0 son tour la capacit\u00e9 des personnes concern\u00e9es \u00e0 demander de l\u2019aide ou \u00e0 quitter des situations abusives.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9thodologie : une approche qualitative et sensible aux traumatismes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sur le plan m\u00e9thodologique, l\u2019\u00e9tude repose sur une approche qualitative ancr\u00e9e dans les th\u00e9ories de l\u2019intersectionnalit\u00e9 et de la psychologie sociale. La collecte de donn\u00e9es a combin\u00e9 une analyse documentaire approfondie et des entretiens semi-directifs men\u00e9s entre septembre 2023 et septembre 2024.<\/p>\n

Les participantes et participants comprenaient des travailleuses domestiques migrantes de nationalit\u00e9s et de statuts juridiques vari\u00e9s, ainsi que des acteurs cl\u00e9s, prestataires de services, d\u00e9fenseur\u00b7e\u00b7s des droits humains, juristes et organisateurs communautaires. Le recrutement s\u2019est appuy\u00e9 sur des m\u00e9thodes raisonn\u00e9es et boule de neige, en collaboration avec des organisations dirig\u00e9es par des migrant\u00b7e\u00b7s, permettant d\u2019atteindre des personnes particuli\u00e8rement marginalis\u00e9es, y compris celles en situation irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

La recherche a adopt\u00e9 une d\u00e9marche inform\u00e9e par le traumatisme, garantissant le consentement \u00e9clair\u00e9, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des participantes et l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 linguistique. Les entretiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s en arabe, anglais, amharique, bengali et cinghalais, avec l\u2019appui d\u2019interpr\u00e8tes professionnels. L\u2019analyse des donn\u00e9es s\u2019est fond\u00e9e sur un codage th\u00e9matique, articulant les r\u00e9cits des participantes avec des cadres analytiques th\u00e9oriques.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9silience, strat\u00e9gies d\u2019adaptation et leurs limites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si l\u2019\u00e9tude documente des pr\u00e9judices profonds, elle met \u00e9galement en \u00e9vidence l\u2019agentivit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9silience des travailleuses domestiques migrantes. Celles-ci d\u00e9veloppent des strat\u00e9gies d\u2019adaptation vari\u00e9es, incluant les r\u00e9seaux de solidarit\u00e9, les pratiques religieuses, l\u2019organisation num\u00e9rique, les initiatives communautaires et les formes de soutien informel.<\/p>\n

Toutefois, les auteures mettent en garde contre une glorification de la r\u00e9silience. En l\u2019absence de r\u00e9formes structurelles, ces strat\u00e9gies rel\u00e8vent davantage de la survie que du bien-\u00eatre. Certaines personnes se tournent vers des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019adaptation nocifs, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant le co\u00fbt humain d\u2019un abandon institutionnel prolong\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Implications pour les droits humains au Liban<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude conclut que toute r\u00e9forme significative doit d\u00e9passer les ajustements techniques ou contractuels. Elle appelle \u00e0 un d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement du cadre juridique de la kafala, mais aussi des m\u00e9canismes sociaux et psychologiques qui le soutiennent. Cela implique l\u2019int\u00e9gration des travailleuses domestiques dans le droit du travail, un acc\u00e8s non discriminatoire aux services de sant\u00e9 mentale, une r\u00e9gulation stricte des agences de recrutement et une remise en question des r\u00e9cits sociaux qui l\u00e9gitiment l\u2019exclusion.<\/p>\n

Pour les institutions nationales des droits humains au Liban, cette recherche rappelle que la sant\u00e9 mentale des travailleuses domestiques migrantes constitue une question centrale de droits humains, indissociable de la dignit\u00e9, de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 et de la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n

En reliant les exp\u00e9riences v\u00e9cues \u00e0 une analyse structurelle rigoureuse, cette \u00e9tude fournit une base essentielle pour le plaidoyer, les politiques publiques et les m\u00e9canismes de redevabilit\u00e9 visant \u00e0 mettre fin \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation syst\u00e9mique et \u00e0 restaurer la dignit\u00e9 humaine.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 23 d\u00e9cembre 2025, la revue scientifique International Migration, publication \u00e9valu\u00e9e par les pairs et \u00e9dit\u00e9e par Wiley en collaboration avec l\u2019Organisation internationale pour les migrations, a publi\u00e9 une \u00e9tude majeure intitul\u00e9e \u00ab The Social Psychology of Kafala: Structural Inequities, Intersectional Harms and Host Society Narratives in Lebanon \u00bb. R\u00e9dig\u00e9e par Rhea Al Riachi et […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4083","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-actualites"},"yoast_head":"\nLa psychologie sociale du syst\u00e8me de kafala au Liban : in\u00e9galit\u00e9s structurelles, pr\u00e9judices psychiques et limites de la r\u00e9silience | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/4083\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La psychologie sociale du syst\u00e8me de kafala au Liban : in\u00e9galit\u00e9s structurelles, pr\u00e9judices psychiques et limites de la r\u00e9silience | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le 23 d\u00e9cembre 2025, la revue scientifique International Migration, publication \u00e9valu\u00e9e par les pairs et \u00e9dit\u00e9e par Wiley en collaboration avec l\u2019Organisation internationale pour les migrations, a publi\u00e9 une \u00e9tude majeure intitul\u00e9e \u00ab The Social Psychology of Kafala: Structural Inequities, Intersectional Harms and Host Society Narratives in Lebanon \u00bb. 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). 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