{"id":4005,"date":"2020-02-20T10:52:07","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T10:52:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/4005"},"modified":"2025-12-25T08:35:16","modified_gmt":"2025-12-25T08:35:16","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a3%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/4005","title":{"rendered":"Commentaires sur la Loi n\u00b0 65 relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0 65\/2017)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Contexte<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Le Liban a ratifi\u00e9 la Convention contre la torture le 5 octobre 2000<\/strong>, et le Comit\u00e9 contre la torture a examin\u00e9 le rapport initial du Liban en 2017<\/strong>. Le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 ratifi\u00e9 le 3 novembre 1972<\/strong>, et le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme<\/strong> a examin\u00e9 trois rapports p\u00e9riodiques du Liban.<\/p>\n

Le Liban est apparu devant le Comit\u00e9 contre la torture (CAT) en avril 2017<\/strong>. Le Comit\u00e9 CAT a recommand\u00e9, en ce qui concerne le projet de loi libanais criminalisant la torture, que le Liban assure une interdiction absolue de la torture, d\u00e9finisse des peines claires et supprime la prescription.\u00b9<\/p>\n

Le 20 octobre 2017<\/strong>, le Parlement a adopt\u00e9 la loi n\u00b0\u202f65 \u00e0 six articles relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017<\/strong>). C\u2019\u00e9tait la premi\u00e8re fois que la l\u00e9gislation libanaise criminalisait la torture. La loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 a modifi\u00e9 des dispositions du Code p\u00e9nal (CP) libanais et du Code de proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale (CPP). Le CP a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9 pour inclure la d\u00e9finition de la torture et les sanctions pour le crime de torture, ainsi que pour instaurer une interdiction absolue de la torture. En outre, les amendements stipulent que les tribunaux doivent d\u00e9terminer une mesure de r\u00e9habilitation des victimes de torture en plus de l\u2019indemnisation personnelle. Le CPP a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9 pour rendre irrecevable toute preuve obtenue sous la contrainte, et pour pr\u00e9ciser les r\u00f4les judiciaires dans la poursuite des crimes de torture. Enfin, la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 a modifi\u00e9 le CPP pour introduire un d\u00e9lai de prescription<\/strong> pour le crime de torture.<\/p>\n

En mars 2018<\/strong>, le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme (le Comit\u00e9 DH) a examin\u00e9 le troisi\u00e8me rapport p\u00e9riodique du Liban sur la mise en \u0153uvre du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP). Dans ses observations finales<\/strong>,\u00b2 le Comit\u00e9 DH a not\u00e9 avec pr\u00e9occupation que la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 ne r\u00e9pond pas aux exigences de l\u2019article 7 du PIDCP.<\/p>\n

En janvier 2020<\/strong>, le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme du Parlement a envisag\u00e9 de modifier la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017. Le pr\u00e9sent expos\u00e9 vise \u00e0 contribuer aux efforts visant \u00e0 aligner la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 sur les normes internationales relatives aux droits humains applicables.<\/p>\n

\n

Commentaires concernant les points identifi\u00e9s par les Comit\u00e9s DH et CAT<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Le Comit\u00e9 DH a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ce qui suit :<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab\u202f27. Le Comit\u00e9 est pr\u00e9occup\u00e9 par le fait que la nouvelle loi criminalisant la torture, la loi n\u00b0\u202f65 du 26\u202foctobre 2017, ne r\u00e9pond pas aux exigences de l\u2019article 7 du Pacte, car elle\u202f:
(a) limite la d\u00e9finition de la torture aux situations d\u2019enqu\u00eate, d\u2019interrogatoire, d\u2019enqu\u00eate judiciaire, de proc\u00e8s et de punition\u202f;
(b) ne criminalise pas les traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants\u202f;
(c) inclut un d\u00e9lai de prescription pour poursuivre la torture\u202f;
(d) pr\u00e9voit des peines qui ne refl\u00e8tent pas la gravit\u00e9 du crime\u202f; et
(e) ne pr\u00e9voit pas de recours efficaces et de r\u00e9parations (articles 2 et 7).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

L\u2019\u00c9tat partie devrait, en urgence, amender sa l\u00e9gislation p\u00e9nale afin d\u2019aligner la d\u00e9finition de la torture sur l\u2019article 7 du Pacte et d\u2019autres normes internationalement accept\u00e9es. Il devrait aussi garantir que le crime de torture ne soit pas soumis \u00e0 un d\u00e9lai de prescription, que les peines pour torture soient proportionnelles \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 du crime et que les victimes aient, en droit et en pratique, acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une r\u00e9paration int\u00e9grale, y compris r\u00e9habilitation, une indemnisation ad\u00e9quate et la possibilit\u00e9 de rechercher des recours civils ind\u00e9pendants des proc\u00e9dures p\u00e9nales.\u202f\u00bb<\/p>\n

Les commentaires ci\u2011dessous abordent les questions pertinentes dans l\u2019ordre pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le Comit\u00e9 DH.<\/p>\n

\n

D\u00e9finition<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 introduit la d\u00e9finition de la torture dans le CP.\u2074 Le Comit\u00e9 DH a not\u00e9 que la formulation de cette d\u00e9finition limite la torture aux situations d\u2019enqu\u00eate, d\u2019interrogatoire, d\u2019enqu\u00eate judiciaire, de proc\u00e8s et de punition. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la torture peut \u00e9galement se produire en dehors de ces cadres (par exemple en tant que punition pour l\u2019infraction d\u2019une autre personne), il est n\u00e9cessaire de supprimer cette limitation. De plus, il est recommand\u00e9 que l\u2019article\u202f2 (Dispositions sp\u00e9ciales sur les ordres ill\u00e9gaux) de la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017\u2075 soit modifi\u00e9 pour exclure explicitement les circonstances exceptionnelles<\/strong>, un \u00e9tat de guerre ou une menace de guerre, l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique interne ou toute autre urgence publique comme justification de la torture (article\u202f2 de la Convention). Il convient \u00e9galement de pr\u00eater attention \u00e0 l\u2019exclusion des circonstances exceptionnelles telles qu\u2019une menace d\u2019actes terroristes ou de criminalit\u00e9 violente, ainsi que les conflits arm\u00e9s, internationaux ou non internationaux.<\/p>\n

\n

Criminalisation des traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 devrait \u00eatre modifi\u00e9e pour criminaliser \u00e9galement les traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (CIDT)<\/strong>. Il est important de noter que la torture et les CIDT sont absolument interdites en vertu de l\u2019article\u202f7 du PIDCP, d\u2019autres dispositions internationales et r\u00e9gionales ainsi que du droit international coutumier. La distinction dans la protection contre la torture et les CIDT d\u00e9coule des exigences de la Convention contre la torture (CAT), qui impose certaines obligations sp\u00e9cifiques aux \u00c9tats en mati\u00e8re de torture \u2013 notamment l\u2019obligation de criminaliser les actes de torture et d\u2019appliquer le principe de juridiction universelle \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard.<\/p>\n

L\u2019article\u202f1 de la CAT d\u00e9finit la torture \u00ab\u202fcomme tout acte qui consiste en l\u2019infliction intentionnelle de douleurs ou souffrances graves (physiques ou mentales), impliquant un fonctionnaire public (directement, \u00e0 l\u2019instigation ou avec le consentement ou l\u2019acquiescement d\u2019un fonctionnaire public, ou d\u2019une autre personne agissant en qualit\u00e9 officielle), et dans un but sp\u00e9cifique (par ex. obtenir des informations ou une confession, punir, intimider, discriminer)\u202f\u00bb, et doit \u00eatre lu conjointement avec l\u2019article\u202f16, qui exige que les \u00c9tats parties pr\u00e9viennent \u00ab\u202fd\u2019autres actes de traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants qui ne constituent pas une torture telle que d\u00e9finie \u00e0 l\u2019article\u202f1\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Il d\u00e9coule d\u2019une lecture combin\u00e9e que la torture est une forme aggrav\u00e9e de traitement cruel, inhumain ou d\u00e9gradant. Les actes qui ne r\u00e9pondent pas \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition de l\u2019article\u202f1, lorsque la douleur inflig\u00e9e n\u2019\u00e9tait pas grave, notamment les actes sans \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019intention ou sans finalit\u00e9 d\u00e9finie, peuvent constituer un traitement cruel ou inhumain en vertu de l\u2019article\u202f16 de la Convention, tandis que les actes visant \u00e0 humilier la victime constituent un traitement ou une punition d\u00e9gradant, m\u00eame si des douleurs s\u00e9v\u00e8res n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 inflig\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

\n

Prescription pour la poursuite de la torture<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Aux termes de l\u2019article\u202f3 de la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 et de l\u2019article\u202f10 du CPP, le crime de torture est soumis \u00e0 une prescription de dix ans<\/strong>, qui commence \u00e0 courir \u00e0 compter de la lib\u00e9ration de la victime. Le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme a demand\u00e9 que le crime de torture ne soit pas soumis \u00e0 un d\u00e9lai de prescription<\/strong>, car ces d\u00e9lais privent les victimes de recours, d\u2019indemnisation et de r\u00e9habilitation li\u00e9s \u00e0 la torture.\u2076 La m\u00eame demande avait \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9e ant\u00e9rieurement par le CAT dans ses observations finales.\u2077<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 devrait \u00eatre modifi\u00e9e pour indiquer explicitement que le crime de torture ne doit pas \u00eatre soumis \u00e0 la prescription<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\n

Peines qui ne refl\u00e8tent pas la gravit\u00e9 du crime<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 stipule que le crime de torture \u2013 selon ses cons\u00e9quences pour une victime \u2013 sera puni d\u2019un emprisonnement de un \u00e0 dix ans<\/strong>, et si la victime est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e \u00e0 la suite de la torture, l\u2019auteur sera emprisonn\u00e9 de dix \u00e0 vingt ans<\/strong>. Le Comit\u00e9 a estim\u00e9 que ces sanctions ne refl\u00e8tent pas la gravit\u00e9 du crime de torture. Par cons\u00e9quent, les sanctions devraient \u00eatre ajust\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e. Comme mentionn\u00e9 ci\u2011dessus, la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 devrait \u00e9galement \u00eatre modifi\u00e9e pour pr\u00e9voir des sanctions pour les traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants. Il importe de noter que la Convention contre la torture, article\u202f4.1, exige que la tentative de commettre la torture, ainsi que la complicit\u00e9 ou la participation \u00e0 la torture soient qualifi\u00e9es d\u2019infractions en droit p\u00e9nal.<\/p>\n

\n

Manque de recours efficaces et de r\u00e9parations<\/strong><\/h3>\n

L\u2019article\u202f1.c de la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017 pr\u00e9voit que \u00ab\u202fle tribunal d\u00e9terminera la mesure de r\u00e9habilitation des victimes de torture en plus de l\u2019indemnisation personnelle\u202f\u00bb. Le Comit\u00e9 a not\u00e9 que cette disposition ne pr\u00e9voit pas de recours efficaces et de r\u00e9parations<\/strong>, et a demand\u00e9 que l\u2019\u00c9tat assure que les victimes aient, en droit et en pratique, acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une r\u00e9paration int\u00e9grale<\/strong>, y compris la r\u00e9habilitation, une indemnisation ad\u00e9quate et la possibilit\u00e9 de demander des recours civils ind\u00e9pendants des proc\u00e9dures p\u00e9nales.<\/p>\n

Le Commentaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral n\u00b0\u202f38 du CAT<\/strong>, qui \u00e9labore la mise en \u0153uvre de l\u2019article\u202f14 de la Convention par les \u00c9tats parties, fournit des orientations utiles \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard. Il indique, entre autres, que le terme \u00ab\u202fr\u00e9paration\u202f\u00bb englobe les concepts de \u00ab\u202frecours effectif\u202f\u00bb et de \u00ab\u202fr\u00e9paration\u202f\u00bb. Le champ du droit \u00e0 la r\u00e9paration inclut ainsi cinq formes de r\u00e9paration\u202f: restauration, indemnisation, r\u00e9habilitation, satisfaction et garanties de non\u2011r\u00e9p\u00e9tition<\/strong>. La r\u00e9paration doit \u00eatre ad\u00e9quate, effective et compl\u00e8te. Les \u00c9tats parties sont rappel\u00e9s que, dans la d\u00e9termination des mesures r\u00e9paratrices accord\u00e9es \u00e0 une victime de torture ou de mauvais traitements, les sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s et circonstances de chaque cas doivent \u00eatre prises en compte et la r\u00e9paration doit \u00eatre adapt\u00e9e aux besoins particuliers de la victime et proportionnelle \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 des violations commises \u00e0 son encontre. Le CAT souligne que la fourniture de r\u00e9parations a un effet pr\u00e9ventif et dissuasif inh\u00e9rent pour pr\u00e9venir de futures violations.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00b9 Comit\u00e9 contre la torture, Observations finales sur le rapport initial du Liban, Session\u202f60 (18\u202favril\u201112\u202fmai\u202f2017).
\u00b2 Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme, Observations finales, Session\u202f122 (12\u202fmars\u20116\u202favril\u202f2018).
\u00b3 Article\u202f7 du PIDCP : \u00ab\u202fNul ne sera soumis \u00e0 la torture ni \u00e0 des peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants.\u202f\u00bb
\u2074 Article\u202f1 de la loi n\u00b0\u202f65\/2017.
\u2075 Article\u202f2 : Dispositions sp\u00e9ciales sur les ordres ill\u00e9gaux.
\u2076 Commentaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral n\u00b0\u202f3, CAT\/C\/GC\/3, para.\u202f40.
\u2077 Observations finales du CAT, para.\u202f13.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Contexte Le Liban a ratifi\u00e9 la Convention contre la torture le 5 octobre 2000, et le Comit\u00e9 contre la torture a examin\u00e9 le rapport initial du Liban en 2017. Le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 ratifi\u00e9 le 3 novembre 1972, et le Comit\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme a examin\u00e9 trois […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4006,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-4005","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-publications-fr"},"yoast_head":"\nCommentaires sur la Loi n\u00b0 65 relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0 65\/2017) | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/4005\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Commentaires sur la Loi n\u00b0 65 relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0 65\/2017) | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Contexte Le Liban a ratifi\u00e9 la Convention contre la torture le 5 octobre 2000, et le Comit\u00e9 contre la torture a examin\u00e9 le rapport initial du Liban en 2017. 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\\\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\\\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). Une institution nationale ind\u00e9pendante \u00e9tablie en vertu de la loi n\u00b0 62\\\/2016, qui comprend un m\u00e9canisme national de pr\u00e9vention de la torture (le Comit\u00e9 pour la pr\u00e9vention de la torture), conform\u00e9ment aux dispositions de la loi n\u00b0 12\\\/2008 (ratifiant le Protocole facultatif se rapportant \u00e0 la Convention contre la torture).\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nhrclb.org\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/nhrclb\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/nhrc_lb\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/nhrclb\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/nhrclb\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCDxi0DJVqYSNfc06GleK8ig\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.tumblr.com\\\/nhrclb\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nhrclb.org\\\/fr\\\/archives\\\/author\\\/admin2024\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Commentaires sur la Loi n\u00b0 65 relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0 65\/2017) | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/fr\/archives\/4005","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Commentaires sur la Loi n\u00b0 65 relative \u00e0 la r\u00e9pression de la torture et des autres traitements cruels, inhumains ou d\u00e9gradants (Loi n\u00b0 65\/2017) | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 - \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646","og_description":"Contexte Le Liban a ratifi\u00e9 la Convention contre la torture le 5 octobre 2000, et le Comit\u00e9 contre la torture a examin\u00e9 le rapport initial du Liban en 2017. 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). 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