{"id":9658,"date":"2026-11-14T19:31:06","date_gmt":"2026-11-14T17:31:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/?p=9658"},"modified":"2026-11-15T07:52:25","modified_gmt":"2026-11-15T05:52:25","slug":"advisory-opinion-on-the-loan-agreement-to-accelerate-digital-transformation-in-lebanon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/archives\/9658","title":{"rendered":"Advisory Opinion on the Loan Agreement to Accelerate Digital Transformation in Lebanon"},"content":{"rendered":"

Advisory Opinion on the Loan Agreement to Accelerate Digital Transformation in Lebanon<\/h3>\n

Draft Law Approving the Conclusion of Loan Agreement No. 98810-LB in the Amount of USD 150 Million<\/h3>\n

Pursuant to Article 15 paragraph b item 3 of Law No. 62 of 27 October 2016 as amended<\/h3>\n

Authorities concerned: Parliament, the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Finance, the Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform, and all other authorities responsible for implementing the project.<\/h3>\n

I The Commission\u2019s competence to issue an opinion<\/h1>\n
    \n
  1. Pursuant to Article 15, paragraph (b), item 3, of Law No. 62\/2016, as amended, which empowers the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, to issue opinions on its own initiative on legislation, decrees, decisions, drafts thereof and policies, with regard to their compliance with human rights standards, the Commission hereby issues its opinion on the draft law approving the conclusion of a loan agreement to implement the Lebanon Digital Acceleration Project.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
  2. The Commission also relies on Article 16 of the same Law, concerning the monitoring and assessment of legal texts and the actions of public authorities against human rights standards, and on Article 14, which authorizes it to request the documents and information needed to discharge its functions properly and requires the Lebanese authorities and agencies concerned to respond without delay.<\/li>\n
  3. The matter falls within the Commission\u2019s mandate because the project concerns the rights to privacy and data protection, equal access to public services, access to information and an effective remedy, as well as the impact of financial and operational commitments on the resources available to realize economic and social rights.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    II Subject of the opinion and scope of review<\/h1>\n
      \n
    1. This opinion examines the draft law approving the conclusion of Loan Agreement No. 98810-LB between the Lebanese Republic and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in the amount of USD 150 million, to implement the Lebanon Digital Acceleration Project, signed on 10 August 2026. It covers the provisions of the Agreement, its Schedules and its Appendix of definitions.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
    2. The published legislative record indicates that the draft was referred to parliamentary committees during the plenary sitting of 12 November 2026, under agenda item 13. Accordingly, this opinion concerns a draft that has not yet been adopted and does not proceed on the assumption that the Agreement has been definitively rejected.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
    3. The documents submitted do not contain the full text of all documents incorporated by reference, particularly the Project Implementation Manual, the Sector Policy Letter, the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan, disbursement and financial information letters, procurement plans and cooperation agreements. The Commission therefore does not conclude that these documents do not exist; rather, it identifies what must be requested and verified before legislative approval is completed.<\/li>\n
    4. The Commission\u2019s role is limited to assessing the project from a human rights perspective and making recommendations. This opinion does not replace specialized financial or technical analysis or the jurisdiction of constitutional, judicial and oversight authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      III Constitutional and legal bases governing the review<\/h1>\n
        \n
      1. Article 52 of the Constitution requires parliamentary approval for the conclusion of treaties containing provisions relating to State finances, while Article 88 prohibits contracting a public loan or undertaking a commitment involving expenditure from the Treasury except by law. Giving effect to these provisions requires that the legislature be able to assess the nature and limits of the financial commitment, its intended uses and its implications.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
      2. The project must also respect the equality enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution and the principles of social justice and balanced development set out in its Preamble. The Commission considers that digitizing public services must improve access and must not result in de facto discrimination based on income, place of residence, disability or difficulty using digital tools.<\/li>\n
      3. At the international level, the review is governed by the guarantees of privacy, equality and an effective remedy under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Human Rights Committee has clarified that the gathering and holding of personal information on computers and in databases must be regulated by law, with protection against unauthorized access and the ability for individuals to ascertain what data are held about them and to request rectification or deletion in the circumstances set out in its General Comment No. 16.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
      4. Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also requires the use of the maximum available resources for the progressive realization of rights and guarantees their exercise without discrimination. The Commission derives from this the need to assess the value, sustainability and distributional effects of expenditure, without considering borrowing in itself incompatible with human rights.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
      5. Relevant national legislation must be observed, particularly Law No. 81\/2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data, Law No. 28\/2017 on the Right of Access to Information, as amended, Law No. 244\/2021 on Public Procurement, as amended, and other applicable sectoral legislation.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
      6. The Commission distinguishes between binding legal rules, interpretations issued by treaty bodies, international recommendations used as guidance, and additional safeguards proposed in this opinion. Detailed obligations not provided for in the Agreement or the law must not be attributed to either.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        IV Legal nature of approval and limits of delegated authority<\/h1>\n
          \n
        1. The draft law seeks approval for the conclusion of a financing agreement. This purpose does not, in itself, confer general authorization to create new administrative or security powers, alter conditions of access to services, or permit the collection, linkage and reuse of data without a sufficient legal basis.<\/li>\n
        2. Part 2 of Schedule 1 provides support for the preparation of legislation and regulations concerning data governance, artificial intelligence, digital identity, electronic signatures and data protection. This confirms the need to distinguish between financing the preparation of legal frameworks and adopting their substantive provisions through the competent authorities and established procedures.<\/li>\n
        3. Accordingly, the Commission considers that essential matters affecting rights, including the purposes of processing, entities authorized to access data, substantive restrictions and avenues of review, must not be left to the unilateral discretion of the project unit or supplier, or regulated through an implementation manual beyond the limits of legislation in force.<\/li>\n
        4. This approach is consistent with the Commission\u2019s methodology in its published opinions: verifying the limits of delegated authority, treating substantive matters affecting rights as more than mere implementation details, and integrating privacy, independent oversight and equitable access into the regulation of digital systems.[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          V Adequacy of planning and budgeting before approval<\/h1>\n
            \n
          1. The Agreement contains substantive planning obligations. Article 5.01 makes the preparation and adoption of the Project Implementation Manual an additional condition of effectiveness. Section I.B.1 of Schedule 2 requires the Manual to include a detailed, sequenced description of activities, a timetable, procedures for planning, budgeting and staffing, and institutional, financial and technical arrangements.<\/li>\n
          2. Section I.C also requires an annual work program and budget covering activities, sources and uses of funds, procurement, responsibilities, commencement and completion dates, outputs and monitoring indicators. The final version and amendments are subject to the specified requirements concerning the Bank\u2019s acceptance and prior written no-objection.[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
          3. The Commission therefore considers it inaccurate to state that the Agreement contains no planning or budgeting. The concern is instead whether the legislature has the necessary details before approval, and whether their publication and subsequent amendment will be subject to oversight.<\/li>\n
          4. The withdrawal table allocates USD 142.125 million to the first three Parts, USD 7.5 million to Part 4 and USD 375,000 to the front-end fee. This allocation alone does not constitute a detailed statement of the cost of each subproject, service or beneficiary administration.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
          5. The Commission therefore recommends submitting a multi-year estimated breakdown distinguishing equipment, development, subscriptions, licences, consultancy, training and operations, and setting out service selection criteria, an inventory of existing systems, their potential reuse, and funding sources for the necessary electricity, connectivity and maintenance.<\/li>\n
          6. It also recommends attaching the first-year plan and the latest available version or draft of the Implementation Manual. Every minor technical item need not be fixed in law, but objectives, limits of delegated authority, principal allocations, and mechanisms for amendment and oversight must be clear and subject to accountability.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            VI Debt servicing and expenditure sustainability<\/h1>\n
              \n
            1. Article 2.05 sets interest at a reference rate plus a variable spread, or at the rate applicable following a conversion under the relevant provisions. It is therefore incorrect to treat 5% as a contractually fixed interest rate.<\/li>\n
            2. Articles 2.03 and 2.04 provide for a front-end fee of 0.25% of the loan amount and an annual commitment charge of 0.25% on the undisbursed balance. Under Schedule 3, repayment of principal begins on 15 April 2032 and ends on 15 October 2048.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
            3. Deferral of principal repayment does not imply that interest and fees are deferred until the same date. Their due dates must be specified in accordance with the applicable General Conditions and financial arrangements.<\/li>\n
            4. A distinction must also be drawn between the Closing Date of 30 June 2031, the termination of non-payment obligations under Article 5.03, and the debt repayment schedule. Project closure does not mean the end of system costs or of all obligations arising from the Agreement.<\/li>\n
            5. The Commission therefore recommends a published debt-service study based on disbursement and interest-rate scenarios, and a plan to cover operations, hosting, security, maintenance and renewal after 2031, identifying responsible entities, funding sources and the impact on social expenditure.<\/li>\n
            6. Article 5.02 sets the Effectiveness Deadline at 180 days after the date of signature. Any reliance on the end of the year or another deadline requires the relevant official basis and subsequent arrangements to be produced; these cannot be presumed from the text submitted.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              VII Data protection digital identity and the civil registry<\/h1>\n
                \n
              1. Section I.B.1(e) requires the Implementation Manual to include arrangements for lawful, appropriate and proportionate data processing. Section IV.A.1 also requires organizational, administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect data security, while paragraph 29 of the Appendix of definitions adopts a broad definition covering direct and indirect identification, location data, online identifiers and metadata.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
              2. These are positive provisions that should be built upon. Data security alone, however, does not establish the lawfulness of collection, the necessity of linking data or the proportionality of their reuse.<\/li>\n
              3. The Commission considers it necessary to conduct an independent data protection and human rights impact assessment before digital identity, civil registry and high-risk data exchange systems become operational, and before any substantial expansion of their purposes or beneficiary entities.<\/li>\n
              4. The assessment must identify the legal basis, purpose, minimum necessary data, responsible entities, authorized users and retention periods. It must examine risks of error, discrimination, exclusion and re-identification, as well as less intrusive alternatives. Its findings must be translated into verifiable operating conditions, contracts and corrective procedures.<\/li>\n
              5. A failed match or registry error must not automatically suspend an essential service without effective human review and a rapid correction process. Nor may re-registration or identity updating be interpreted as authority to change rules on nationality, civil registration or legal capacity.<\/li>\n
              6. Linkages between public and private registers should be regulated according to purpose and functional need, with unjustified blanket access prohibited. Where biometric data or AI applications affecting rights are used, their necessity, accuracy and discriminatory effects must be assessed, and review and remedies guaranteed. UN recommendations on privacy and artificial intelligence may guide this assessment, without treating them as provisions of the Agreement itself.[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                VIII Cloud computing and cybersecurity<\/h1>\n
                  \n
                1. Part 1 includes establishing a shared government cloud, a hybrid platform and a cloud services marketplace, migrating data and services, and procuring third-party services. This requires assessment of legal, technical and operational control over data; identifying the physical location of a data centre alone is insufficient.[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                2. The Commission recommends requiring tender specifications and contracts to identify processing and backup locations, applicable law and jurisdiction, remote access conditions, handling of requests from foreign authorities, encryption key management, subcontractors, breach notification, audits, data retrieval and portability, and exit costs.<\/li>\n
                3. Ownership of assets and developed software, and rights to use and modify them, must also be clearly established, with knowledge transfer ensured and excessive technological dependence on a single supplier prevented.<\/li>\n
                4. Developing cyber operations centres and response capabilities requires a distinction between protecting systems and exercising powers to monitor individuals or intercept their communications. The Agreement does not, in itself, provide an independent legal basis for exercising those powers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  IX Governance oversight and conflicts of interest<\/h1>\n
                    \n
                  1. The Agreement assigns overall responsibility to OMSAR and provides for an implementation unit, a steering committee, a technical committee and cooperation agreements with sectoral entities. It also expressly mentions OMSTAI in the definitions and among sectoral entities, requiring careful examination of the allocation of roles rather than an assumption that it is absent from the Agreement.[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                  2. The Commission recommends adopting a published responsibility matrix identifying, for each component, the service owner and entity responsible for data; the entities preparing and approving specifications; the contracting entity; the entity verifying completion; the entity authorizing payment; and those responsible for operations and complaints.<\/li>\n
                  3. It also recommends declarations of interests and recusal measures, with appropriate separation between specification, implementation and verification functions. The involvement of multiple entities alone does not establish corruption; ambiguity in mandates or overlapping functions does, however, require specific preventive measures.<\/li>\n
                  4. The Agreement requires the appointment of an independent external auditor and submission of project reports to the Bank within 45 days after the end of each quarter. Provisions on a third-party technical monitoring agency (TPMA) apply \u201cas needed\u201d, with reports due within 30 days after the end of the quarter when this mechanism is activated.[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                  5. The Commission therefore recommends making independent technical verification mandatory for high-risk components, ensuring independence from designers and implementers, and making acceptance of outputs conditional on published standards and actual testing.<\/li>\n
                  6. The Bank\u2019s approvals and reports do not replace national oversight. The relationship between the Bank\u2019s Procurement Regulations, the Public Procurement Law, the powers of oversight bodies and challenge mechanisms must be clarified, without assuming a blanket exemption.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    X Transparency participation and remedies<\/h1>\n
                      \n
                    1. The absence of a specific clause in the Agreement requiring publication of every document does not exempt the administration from its legal access-to-information obligations. At the same time, public disclosure must be distinguished from the release of details that could reveal personal data or specific security vulnerabilities.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                    2. The Commission recommends proactive publication of budgets, procurement plans, award results, contracts and material amendments, progress and audit reports, and impact assessment summaries, with justified and narrowly limited redaction of protected information.<\/li>\n
                    3. Section I.E.5 requires the establishment, publicization and operation of an accessible grievance mechanism. The Commission recommends supplementing it with deadlines for responses and corrections, non-digital channels, confidentiality protections and escalation to an independent body, while preserving access to courts and other competent authorities.<\/li>\n
                    4. Consultations should also include groups most at risk of exclusion, and services should be tested in practice with persons with disabilities, older persons, people on low incomes, displaced persons and residents of areas with poor connectivity. Possession of a smartphone, a bank account or a permanent connection must not be the sole means of accessing an essential service.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      XI Emergency reallocation and conditions for suspension of financing<\/h1>\n
                        \n
                      1. The Agreement distinguishes between the Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC), CERP financing and supplemental financing for a Cat DDO under the Rapid Response Option (RRO). Although the initial allocation to the relevant categories is zero, the text provides for their activation subject to its conditions, including reallocation of all or part of the undisbursed balance in the specified circumstances.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                      2. This requires clarification of the limits of authority delegated to the executive, the effect of reallocation on project objectives, the circumstances requiring additional legislative approval, publication of the reasons for the decision and amounts involved, and preservation of human rights, environmental and social safeguards.<\/li>\n
                      3. Article 4.01 also provides for additional events of suspension relating to changes to OMSAR legislation, the regulatory framework or measures under the Sector Policy Letter, subject to the specified adverse-effect conditions, the Bank\u2019s assessment and consultation with the Borrower.[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n
                      4. These provisions do not prohibit every legislative reform or empower the Bank to repeal laws. However, because the regulatory framework includes legislation affecting rights, written clarification, or an agreed amendment where necessary, is required to prevent interpretations that discourage the authorities from strengthening data protection, oversight or remedies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        XII Findings and recommendations<\/h1>\n
                          \n
                        1. The Commission concludes that the project could help improve services and that the Agreement contains substantive safeguards. Informed approval nevertheless requires completion of the documentary record and identification of essential safeguards that must precede operation and expenditure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          For these reasons the Commission issues the following opinion<\/h2>\n

                          1 Position on the draft law<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission recommends that the draft not be adopted in its current form until its examination by the competent committees is completed, the full financial, technical and human rights documentation is provided, and the issues identified in this opinion are addressed.<\/p>\n

                          2 Documents to be requested<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission recommends requesting the Implementation Manual, Sector Policy Letter, latest Environmental and Social Commitment Plan, General Conditions and disbursement letters, procurement plans, budgets and cooperation agreements, debt-service and operating cost estimates, and any additional agreements intended to apply by reference.<\/p>\n

                          3 Safeguards before operation<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission recommends requiring a complete legal basis, an independent impact assessment, risk mitigation, security and technical verification, and accessible correction, grievance and alternative access arrangements before high-risk systems become operational or are expanded.<\/p>\n

                          4 Oversight and accountability<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission recommends mandatory independent technical verification, periodic disclosure, reporting to the competent parliamentary committees, clarification of national oversight bodies\u2019 powers and challenge mechanisms, and linking completion to actual improvements in services.<\/p>\n

                          5 Proposed legislative safeguard<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission proposes inserting the following provision, after examining its consistency with the Agreement:<\/p>\n

                          Approval of the conclusion of the Loan Agreement shall not be construed as independent authorization to collect personal data, link registers, permit access to them or reuse them for new purposes; to create surveillance powers; or to alter conditions of access to public services, outside the legal bases and safeguards established by legislation in force and Lebanon\u2019s international obligations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          It further proposes:<\/p>\n

                          Before high-risk systems relating to digital identity, the civil registry and data exchange become operational, implementing entities shall establish the necessary legal basis, conduct an independent data protection and human rights impact assessment, address the risks it identifies, provide correction, grievance and remedy mechanisms, and publish a sufficiently detailed summary of findings while protecting personal data and sensitive security details.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          6 Appropriate legal instrument<\/h2>\n

                          The Commission recommends addressing these matters through the approval law, sectoral legislation, regulations, implementation documents and contracts according to the nature of each safeguard. Any change to reciprocal obligations with the Bank requires compliance with the necessary contractual and constitutional procedures and cannot be presumed to result merely from the addition of a domestic provision.<\/p>\n

                          \n

                          [1]<\/sup><\/a>The Commission\u2019s mandate. Lebanese Republic, Law No. 62 of 27 October 2016, as amended, establishing the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, particularly Article 14 on requests for information, Article 15(b)(3) on opinions issued on the Commission\u2019s own initiative, and Article 16 on monitoring and assessment. Text published on the Commission\u2019s website:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/2499<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [2]<\/sup><\/a>Document under review. Lebanese Republic and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Loan Agreement No. 98810-LB, Lebanon Digital Acceleration Project, signed on 10 August 2026, particularly the signature page, Schedules 1 and 2, and the Appendix of definitions. The Agreement forms part of the draft law file published by the Parliamentary Observatory. Full file:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [3]<\/sup><\/a>Legislative record. Parliamentary Observatory, draft law file No. 1812, request for approval of the conclusion of a loan agreement to implement the Lebanon Digital Acceleration Project; registration date: 24 September 2026; plenary decision of 12 November 2026: referral to committees.<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/law_project\/1812<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [4]<\/sup><\/a>Constitutional basis. Lebanese Constitution, Preamble, particularly the provisions on commitment to international instruments, social justice, equality and balanced development; and Articles 7, 52 and 88. Articles 52 and 88 must be read together to determine the requirements for approval of the Agreement, borrowing and expenditure. Official text published by the Presidency of the Republic:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/presidency.gov.lb\/lebanon-system\/3<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [5]<\/sup><\/a>Privacy, equality and remedies. United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by resolution 2200 A (XXI) on 16 December 1966, particularly Articles 2(3), 17 and 26:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/2covenants.ohchr.org\/About-ICCPR.html<\/a><\/p>\n

                          See also Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 16 on Article 17, adopted in 1988, particularly paragraphs 1 and 10 on protection against interference by public authorities and private persons, regulation of databases, and rights of access and rectification. Text in the collection of general comments published on the United Nations website:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/conf-dts1.unog.ch\/1%20SPA\/Tradutek\/Derechos_hum_Base\/CCPR\/00_2_obs_grales_Cte%20DerHum%20%5BCCPR%5D.html<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [6]<\/sup><\/a>Resources and non-discrimination. United Nations, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, Article 2, paragraphs 1 and 2, on taking steps to the maximum of available resources and guaranteeing the exercise of rights without discrimination:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/2covenants.ohchr.org\/About-ICESCR.html<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [7]<\/sup><\/a>National legislation. Lebanese Republic: Law No. 81 of 10 October 2018 on Electronic Transactions and Personal Data; Law No. 28 of 10 February 2017 on the Right of Access to Information, amended by Law No. 233 of 16 July 2021; and Law No. 244 of 19 July 2021 on Public Procurement, as amended. Available official references:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/omsar.gov.lb\/publications-ar\/<\/a><\/p>\n

                          https<\/a>:\/\/<\/a>www<\/a>.<\/a>csb<\/a>.<\/a>gov<\/a>.<\/a>lb<\/a>\/<\/a>ar<\/a>\/<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642<\/a>–<\/a>\u0641\u064a<\/a>–<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/a>–<\/a>\u0625\u0644\u0649<\/a>–<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/a>\/<\/a><\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/www.ppa.gov.lb\/ar\/pages\/details\/11<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [8]<\/sup><\/a>Guidance from the Commission\u2019s methodology and previous positions. National Human Rights Commission, opinion on draft decrees concerning maps of eleven nature reserves, 8 October 2026, regarding competence, scope of review and delegated authority:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/8919<\/a><\/p>\n

                          Opinion on protecting minors from social media use, 25 August 2026, regarding substantive safeguards, oversight and grievances:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/8227<\/a><\/p>\n

                          Opinion on licensing and deployment of the fibre-optic network, 16 August 2026, regarding digital sovereignty, privacy, access and resilience:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/8153<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [9]<\/sup><\/a>Planning and the Implementation Manual. Loan Agreement, Article 5.01(b), and Schedule 2, Sections I.B.1\u20133 and I.C.1\u20134, pages 5, 14 and 15 of the file. The reference covers the Manual\u2019s contents, the Agreement\u2019s precedence in the event of conflict, and preparation and amendment of annual plans and budgets:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [10]<\/sup><\/a>Allocation of funds and definition of expenditure. Agreement, Schedule 2, Section III.A, page 19; and Appendix of definitions, paragraph 28 on Operating Costs and paragraph 44 on Training, pages 25 and 27. Aggregate allocations must not be equated with a detailed distribution among administrations; nor may the entirety of Part 4 be treated as salaries, or the entirety of the first three Parts as physical infrastructure:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [11]<\/sup><\/a>Financial terms and deadlines. Agreement, Articles 2.03\u20132.07, 5.02 and 5.03; Schedule 2, Section III.B.3; and Schedule 3, pages 4, 5, 20 and 22. A distinction is required between interest and fees, and between the Effectiveness Deadline, Closing Date, termination of non-payment obligations and the principal repayment schedule. The text does not permit a final total interest amount to be determined without assumptions concerning disbursement and rates:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [12]<\/sup><\/a>Contractual data protection safeguards. Agreement, Schedule 2, Section I.B.1(e) on lawful, appropriate and proportionate processing, Section IV.A.1 on data security, and Appendix of definitions, paragraph 29; pages 14, 20 and 25. These provisions establish a contractual obligation, whereas an independent assessment before operation is proposed as an additional recommended safeguard:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [13]<\/sup><\/a>Privacy and artificial intelligence. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, \u201cThe right to privacy in the digital age\u201d, document A\/HRC\/48\/31, 13 September 2021, particularly paragraph 59 on legality, necessity and proportionality, legislation and independent oversight, remedies, explanation of decisions, assessment and non-discrimination. Document page, including the Arabic version:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/3946475<\/a><\/p>\n

                          English text:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/documents.un.org\/api\/symbol\/access?l=en&s=A\/HRC\/48\/31&t=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [14]<\/sup><\/a>Cloud computing and security. Agreement, Schedule 1, Part 1.1(a\u2013f) and Part 1.2, pages 8 and 9; and Appendix of definitions, paragraphs 17, 19 and 38 on the government cloud, hybrid cloud and security operations centre. Detailed conditions on jurisdiction, keys and exit costs are recommendations for inclusion in documents and contracts after their current contents have been verified:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [15]<\/sup><\/a>Institutional arrangements. Agreement, Article 3.01, Schedule 2, Section I.A.1\u20135, and Appendix of definitions, paragraphs 25, 27 and 37; pages 4, 5, 12\u201314, 25 and 26. The text includes OMSAR, OMSTAI and sectoral entities, and refers detailed roles to the Implementation Manual and cooperation agreements:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [16]<\/sup><\/a>Auditing and reporting. Agreement, Schedule 2, Section I.A.2(b)(iii) on the external auditor, Section I.D on the TPMA, and Section II on project reports; pages 12, 15, 16 and 18. These mechanisms differ in function and deadlines; the third-party monitoring arrangements use the phrase \u201cas needed\u201d:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [17]<\/sup><\/a>Disclosure, grievances and environmental and social commitments. Agreement, Schedule 2, Section I.E, particularly paragraphs 2, 4, 5 and 6, pages 16 and 17; and Appendix of definitions, paragraphs 14 and 15 on the ESCP and Environmental and Social Standards. These provisions must be read alongside the Access to Information Law, as amended, without assuming that every document must be published in full or that all security-related information may automatically be withheld:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [18]<\/sup><\/a>Emergencies and reallocation. Agreement, Article 2.01, Schedule 1, Part 5, Schedule 2, Section I.F and Sections III.A and III.B, and Appendix of definitions, particularly paragraphs 3, 4, 7 and 34; pages 4, 11, 17\u201320, 23 and 26. The CERC component, CERP financing and supplemental Cat DDO financing must not be conflated. An initial zero allocation does not eliminate the conditional mechanisms permitted by the text:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

                          [19]<\/sup><\/a>Suspension of financing and the Sector Policy Letter. Agreement, Article 4.01(a\u2013c), and Appendix of definitions, paragraphs 26, 35 and 36; pages 5, 25 and 26. Assessment requires access to the Sector Policy Letter dated 7 October 2025 and the General Conditions incorporated by reference. The available text is insufficient to conclude that any legislative amendment automatically triggers suspension:<\/p>\n

                          https:\/\/lapoleb.com\/uploads\/media\/6ac34c0364ab5-1791183875.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Advisory Opinion on the Loan Agreement to Accelerate Digital Transformation in Lebanon Draft Law Approving the Conclusion of Loan Agreement No. 98810-LB in the Amount of USD 150 Million Pursuant to Article 15 paragraph b item 3 of Law No. 62 of 27 October 2016 as amended Authorities concerned: Parliament, the Presidency of the Council […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9654,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[257],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-advisory-opinions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAdvisory Opinion on the Loan Agreement to Accelerate Digital Transformation in Lebanon | National Human Rights Commission - 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An independent national institution established under Law No. 62\/2016, which includes a National Preventive Mechanism against torture (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture), in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 12\/2008 (ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture). Une institution nationale ind\u00e9pendante \u00e9tablie en vertu de la loi n\u00b0 62\/2016, qui comprend un m\u00e9canisme national de pr\u00e9vention de la torture (le Comit\u00e9 pour la pr\u00e9vention de la torture), conform\u00e9ment aux dispositions de la loi n\u00b0 12\/2008 (ratifiant le Protocole facultatif se rapportant \u00e0 la Convention contre la torture).","sameAs":["https:\/\/nhrclb.org","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/nhrclb\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/nhrc_lb","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/nhrclb","https:\/\/x.com\/nhrclb","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCDxi0DJVqYSNfc06GleK8ig","https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/nhrclb"],"url":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/archives\/author\/admin2024"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9658"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9660,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9658\/revisions\/9660"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}