{"id":8636,"date":"2026-09-28T13:36:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T10:36:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/?p=8636"},"modified":"2026-09-28T17:09:31","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T14:09:31","slug":"access-to-information-is-a-human-right-lebanon-must-turn-legal-guarantees-into-public-accountability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/archives\/8636","title":{"rendered":"Access to Information Is a Human Right: Lebanon Must Turn Legal Guarantees into Public Accountability"},"content":{"rendered":"
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NHRC-CPT Statement on the International Day for Universal Access to Information \u2013 28 September 2026<\/h1>\n

Transparency, access to public information and the protection of civic space are essential to preventing human rights violations, combating impunity and strengthening democratic accountability in Lebanon.<\/h3>\n

On the occasion of the International Day for Universal Access to Information, observed annually on 28 September, the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture (NHRC-CPT), reaffirms that access to information is a fundamental component of the right to freedom of expression, a prerequisite for meaningful public participation and an indispensable instrument for the promotion and protection of human rights.<\/p>\n

For Lebanon, this international observance represents an opportunity to examine the gap between legislative commitments and institutional practice, assess obstacles preventing individuals from obtaining information held by public authorities, and identify violations requiring systematic monitoring, documentation and effective remedies.<\/p>\n

The right to information is particularly significant in a country confronting overlapping economic, financial, institutional and humanitarian challenges, alongside the consequences of armed conflict. In such circumstances, access to reliable, timely and accurate information is not merely an administrative service. It can determine whether individuals are able to exercise their rights, seek justice, obtain essential services, locate missing relatives, challenge unlawful decisions and hold public authorities accountable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Information integrity in the digital age: The significance of the 2026 observance<\/h2>\n

The 2026 international observance takes place under the United Nations theme, \u201cUpholding Information Integrity in the Digital Age: The Role of Access to Information in Addressing Information Disorder.\u201d It highlights the importance of credible public information, proactive disclosure, digital technologies and media literacy in addressing misinformation and disinformation.<\/p>\n

The global commemoration, coordinated by UNESCO in cooperation with the Government of Sierra Leone, also draws attention to the practical implementation of access-to-information legislation and its contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 16, particularly Target 16.10, concerning public access to information and the protection of fundamental freedoms.<\/p>\n

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For the NHRC-CPT, the theme carries particular relevance. Information disorder can have direct human rights consequences, especially during armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and periods of institutional uncertainty.<\/p>\n

Unverified reports concerning military operations, displacement, detention, missing persons, public health or access to humanitarian assistance can increase risks to affected communities. Conversely, the withholding of official information can create conditions in which rumours spread, public confidence deteriorates and violations become more difficult to identify and investigate.<\/p>\n

The Commission stresses that responding to misinformation must not become a justification for censorship, arbitrary restrictions on expression, surveillance of journalists or the suppression of legitimate criticism. The appropriate human rights-based response must prioritise transparency, independent journalism, public access to reliable data, digital literacy and accountability.<\/p>\n

Lebanon’s legal framework: Important guarantees requiring effective implementation<\/h2>\n

Lebanon possesses a significant legislative foundation for protecting access to information.<\/p>\n

Article 13 of the Lebanese Constitution guarantees freedom of expression and freedom of the press within the limits established by law. At the international level, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognise the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas.<\/p>\n

These guarantees are further developed through Lebanon’s specific access-to-information legislation.<\/p>\n

Law No. 28 of 10 February 2017, amended by Law No. 233 of 2021, establishes the right of access to administrative information and documents. Its implementation is governed by Decree No. 6940 of 8 September 2020.<\/p>\n

The legislation recognises the right of natural and legal persons to request information without having to demonstrate a particular interest or justify the purpose of their request, subject to the conditions established by law. It applies to a broad range of entities, including public administrations, municipalities, independent bodies and certain private entities performing public functions or managing public services.<\/p>\n

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The legal framework provides for several important guarantees:<\/p>\n

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    The right to request and obtain administrative documents, including information in electronic and audiovisual formats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

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    The obligation of public institutions to proactively publish specified categories of information, rather than waiting for individual requests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

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    The designation of officials responsible for receiving and processing information requests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

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    The publication of regulatory decisions, administrative instructions, annual reports and specified financial information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n

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    The possibility of challenging refusals or failures to respond through the mechanisms established by law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) has a specific statutory role in overseeing implementation, receiving complaints concerning refusals or non-responses, and issuing decisions within its jurisdiction. This mandate complements, but remains institutionally distinct from, the broader human rights monitoring responsibilities of the NHRC-CPT.<\/p>\n

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    A recent administrative development also demonstrates the continuing relevance of the legislation. On 4 September 2026, the Directorate General of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers issued Administrative Memorandum No. 205\/M, instructing its units to comply with Article 7 of the Access to Information Law, including the publication of relevant regulatory documents within 15 days in searchable, copyable and downloadable formats.<\/p>\n

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    The Commission considers such measures important, while emphasising that the effectiveness of the law must ultimately be assessed through measurable results: whether requests are answered, whether information is complete and accessible, whether refusals are legally justified, and whether individuals can obtain effective remedies.<\/p>\n

    The implementation gap: From legislative recognition to enforceable rights<\/h2>\n

    Despite these legal guarantees, the implementation of the right of access to information remains an area requiring sustained institutional oversight.<\/p>\n

    The first annual report on implementation of the Access to Information Law, released by the National Anti-Corruption Commission in April 2025 with support from UNDP, established an important national baseline. It examined compliance across central and local institutions and identified continuing implementation challenges, including the non-participation of some institutions in the assessment.<\/p>\n

    The NHRC-CPT’s own 2025 Annual Report also examined developments concerning access to information and the role of the NACC. It recorded that the latter had issued 32 decisions between July 2023 and March 2025, upholding 28 complaints, approximately 87 per cent of the complaints decided during that period.<\/p>\n

    These decisions concerned ministries, public administrations, municipalities and entities managing public services. The Commission’s annual report also highlighted institutional failures to respond to information requests or designate the officials required to implement the legislation.<\/p>\n

    These findings reinforce the need to distinguish between the formal existence of a legal right and its effective enjoyment.<\/p>\n

    In this regard, the NHRC-CPT identifies several issues that warrant continued scrutiny: administrative silence, unjustified refusals, excessive reliance on confidentiality provisions, inadequate record management, insufficient digital accessibility and unequal access to information among different population groups.<\/p>\n

    The Commission further stresses that information must be accessible in practice, including to persons with disabilities, older persons, residents of remote areas, individuals with limited digital literacy and people unable to navigate complex administrative procedures.<\/p>\n

    A right that can only be exercised by individuals possessing legal expertise, reliable internet access or personal connections within public institutions cannot be considered universally accessible.<\/p>\n

    Human rights violations and emerging threats requiring systematic monitoring<\/h2>\n

    The NHRC-CPT considers access to information a cross-cutting human rights issue. Its protection must therefore extend beyond administrative transparency to situations in which the absence, manipulation or suppression of information may facilitate other violations.<\/p>\n

    The Commission identifies the following areas as priorities for monitoring and documentation.<\/p>\n

    1. Information concerning armed conflict, displacement and humanitarian assistance<\/h3>\n

    During armed conflict, access to accurate information can become a matter of life and death.<\/p>\n

    The Commission considers it essential to monitor whether affected populations can obtain timely information concerning evacuation procedures, displacement, access to shelters, healthcare, humanitarian assistance, civilian casualties and the restoration of essential services.<\/p>\n

    Particular attention must be given to the documentation of damage to civilian property, the availability of official casualty information, and access to records required by victims to claim assistance, compensation or other remedies.<\/p>\n

    Information concerning military operations must be handled consistently with legitimate security considerations and the protection of personal data. Nevertheless, broad or unjustified secrecy must not obstruct the documentation of alleged violations of international humanitarian law or prevent victims and families from exercising their rights.<\/p>\n

    2. Detention, torture prevention and enforced disappearance<\/h3>\n

    Access to information is particularly important for persons deprived of their liberty and their families.<\/p>\n

    Within the NHRC-CPT’s torture-prevention mandate, the Commission attaches particular importance to accurate detention registers, information concerning the legal basis and location of detention, access to legal representation, notification of families and the preservation of medical and administrative records.<\/p>\n

    The withholding or falsification of detention-related information can increase the risks of torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary detention and enforced disappearance.<\/p>\n

    The Commission therefore considers that its monitoring activities must continue to examine the accuracy of detention records, the availability of information to authorised oversight bodies, and the circumstances in which families are denied information concerning detained or missing relatives.<\/p>\n

    Transparency in this field must be accompanied by strict safeguards protecting confidential interviews, medical records, complainants, witnesses and other sensitive personal information.<\/p>\n

    3. Public expenditure, procurement and the management of essential services<\/h3>\n

    Access to public financial information is an essential instrument for monitoring the State’s compliance with its economic and social rights obligations.<\/p>\n

    The Commission considers that transparency concerning public budgets, procurement, healthcare expenditure, education, social assistance, reconstruction programmes and the management of essential public services should form part of broader human rights monitoring.<\/p>\n

    Failure to disclose legally accessible financial information may obstruct public scrutiny and make it more difficult to identify discrimination, corruption, misuse of resources or administrative practices that adversely affect the enjoyment of fundamental rights.<\/p>\n

    4. Environmental information and the right to health<\/h3>\n

    Access to environmental information is increasingly relevant to the protection of human rights in Lebanon.<\/p>\n

    Information concerning water quality, air pollution, waste management, industrial hazards, environmental degradation and disaster risks should be made available in formats that allow affected communities to understand potential threats and participate in decisions affecting their health and living conditions.<\/p>\n

    The Commission stresses that access to environmental information must also be considered in post-conflict recovery, particularly where damaged infrastructure, hazardous materials or contamination may expose civilian populations to additional risks.<\/p>\n

    5. Digital rights, privacy and information integrity<\/h3>\n

    Digital transformation creates opportunities to expand access to public information, but also introduces risks involving personal data, surveillance, cybersecurity and exclusion.<\/p>\n

    The Commission considers it necessary to monitor the use of digital technologies by public authorities, particularly where automated systems, electronic databases or information-sharing arrangements may affect privacy, equality, freedom of expression or access to public services.<\/p>\n

    It further stresses that measures presented as responses to disinformation must comply with international human rights standards, including the principles of legality, necessity and proportionality.<\/p>\n

    Journalists, researchers, whistleblowers, human rights defenders and civil society organisations must be able to seek and disseminate information on matters of public interest without intimidation or arbitrary interference.<\/p>\n

    Opportunities for reform and stronger institutional cooperation<\/h2>\n

    The NHRC-CPT believes that the International Day for Universal Access to Information provides an opportunity to move from general commitments towards practical, measurable institutional reforms.<\/p>\n

    Lebanon already possesses a legislative framework, a specialised oversight authority, national human rights institutions and an active civil society capable of contributing to this process.<\/p>\n

    Strengthening cooperation between these actors can help transform access to information into an effective tool for preventing human rights violations.<\/p>\n

    In particular, the Commission highlights the importance of developing accessible digital information platforms, improving the management of public records, training designated information officers, strengthening the publication of administrative and financial information, and ensuring that information requests are processed within legally prescribed deadlines.<\/p>\n

    It also encourages the development of public awareness initiatives explaining how individuals can exercise their rights, challenge unlawful refusals and obtain assistance when administrative obstacles prevent access.<\/p>\n

    The implementation of the law should be assessed through publicly available indicators, including the number of information requests received, response rates, processing times, grounds for refusal, complaints submitted and compliance with oversight decisions.<\/p>\n

    Such information would contribute to more effective implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Indicator 16.10.2, which monitors the adoption and implementation of constitutional, statutory and policy guarantees for public access to information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    Access to information as an integral part of the NHRC-CPT’s mandate<\/h2>\n

    For the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, the International Day for Universal Access to Information is directly connected to its institutional mission under Law No. 62 of 27 October 2016.<\/p>\n

    The Commission’s mandate to promote and protect human rights requires it to collect, verify, analyse and disseminate information concerning the human rights situation in Lebanon, examine individual complaints, conduct monitoring activities, issue recommendations and engage with national and international human rights mechanisms.<\/p>\n

    The exercise of these responsibilities depends on access to reliable information from public authorities, independent institutions, civil society organisations, victims, witnesses and other relevant sources.<\/p>\n

    At the same time, the Commission has a responsibility to make information about its own work publicly accessible, while respecting confidentiality requirements and protecting individuals who may face reprisals.<\/p>\n

    This commitment is reflected in its statutory reporting obligations. Article 15(d) of Law No. 62\/2016 requires the Commission and the Committee to prepare a unified annual report covering their programmes, achievements and challenges, submit it directly to the relevant constitutional and judicial authorities, and publish it in the Official Gazette.<\/p>\n

    In August 2026, the Commission announced the publication of its 2025 Annual Report in Official Gazette Issue No. 35m, dated 14 August 2026, fulfilling this statutory disclosure requirement and making its findings available for public and parliamentary scrutiny.<\/p>\n

    The Commission considers public access to its reports, recommendations, legal opinions, educational materials and institutional activities an essential element of its accountability to society.<\/p>\n

    This commitment also extends to its engagement with the media, educational institutions, civil society organisations and international partners, as well as the development of accessible communication channels in Arabic, English and French.<\/p>\n

    Within its protection mandate, the NHRC-CPT will continue to address access-to-information concerns where they are linked to alleged human rights violations, including the withholding of information concerning detention, discrimination, access to justice, public services, armed conflict and the situation of vulnerable populations.<\/p>\n

    In exercising this role, the Commission will seek to strengthen coordination with the National Anti-Corruption Commission, while respecting the distinct statutory responsibilities of both institutions.<\/p>\n

    The Commission’s recommendations<\/h2>\n

    On this international occasion, the NHRC-CPT calls upon the Lebanese authorities and all entities subject to the Access to Information Law to take concrete measures to ensure its full and effective implementation.<\/p>\n

    In particular, the Commission recommends:<\/p>\n

    1. Ensuring compliance with Law No. 28\/2017 and its amendments, including the proactive publication of information, designation of responsible information officers and timely processing of requests.<\/p>\n

    2. Strengthening the National Anti-Corruption Commission’s oversight role, including the effective implementation of its decisions concerning access-to-information complaints.<\/p>\n

    3. Guaranteeing transparency in matters affecting fundamental rights, particularly detention, public health, education, social protection, environmental risks, humanitarian assistance, reconstruction and public expenditure.<\/p>\n

    4. Preventing the misuse of confidentiality and national security exceptions, ensuring that any restriction on access to information has a legitimate legal basis and is interpreted consistently with Lebanon’s international human rights obligations.<\/p>\n

    5. Protecting journalists, whistleblowers, researchers and human rights defenders against intimidation, reprisals or unlawful interference arising from their legitimate efforts to obtain and disseminate information.<\/p>\n

    6. Ensuring inclusive access to public information, including through accessible digital platforms, disability-inclusive formats and appropriate alternatives for individuals who cannot use online services.<\/p>\n

    7. Strengthening public information systems during emergencies and armed conflict, particularly concerning missing persons, displaced populations, civilian protection and humanitarian assistance, while safeguarding personal and sensitive information.<\/p>\n

    8. Establishing measurable implementation indicators, supported by periodic public reporting, to assess institutional compliance and identify persistent obstacles requiring corrective action.<\/p>\n

    A right that enables the exercise of other rights<\/h2>\n

    The NHRC-CPT concludes by emphasising that access to information should not be understood as a privilege granted at the discretion of public authorities. It is a legally protected right and an essential condition for accountability, participation and the effective enjoyment of other fundamental freedoms.<\/p>\n

    In Lebanon, where institutional confidence has been affected by successive crises, the implementation of this right offers an important opportunity to strengthen the relationship between individuals and public institutions.<\/p>\n

    Transparency cannot replace accountability, but accountability becomes significantly more difficult when information is inaccessible, incomplete or deliberately withheld.<\/p>\n

    On the International Day for Universal Access to Information 2026, the Commission reaffirms its commitment to promoting the public’s right to know, monitoring human rights violations associated with restrictions on information, and encouraging public authorities to adopt a culture of openness consistent with the principles of good governance, human dignity and the rule of law.<\/p>\n

    Access to information is not simply the right to obtain documents. It is the right to understand decisions that affect our lives, to question the exercise of public authority, to seek remedies for violations and to participate meaningfully in shaping our collective future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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