{"id":6398,"date":"2026-04-06T10:58:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T07:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/archives\/6398"},"modified":"2026-04-06T11:26:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T08:26:38","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nhrclb.org\/en\/archives\/6398","title":{"rendered":"Annual report of NHRC-CPT for the year 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Executive Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n

This annual report provides a comprehensive assessment of the human rights situation in Lebanon during 2025, in light of the State\u2019s constitutional and international obligations. It is based on an analysis of data drawn from multiple sources, including reports issued by international bodies, national and international human rights organizations, and official statements by public authorities, as well as information collected by the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, through its fieldwork, the receipt of individual complaints, and the follow-up of public cases.<\/p>\n

The report is presented within a complex political, economic, and social context. During the year, Lebanon witnessed the election of a new President of the Republic and the formation of a new government that committed to launching a reform process aimed at reactivating state institutions, strengthening judicial independence, and addressing the repercussions of the ongoing economic and financial crisis since 2019. However, the continued economic and social pressures, combined with internal and regional political and security tensions, have had a direct impact on the human rights situation and on the capacity of public institutions to provide adequate protection for fundamental rights.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In the area of civil and political rights, the Commission\u2019s monitoring revealed the persistence of challenges related to freedom of opinion and expression and media freedom. During the year, several cases were recorded involving summonses and investigations targeting journalists, media professionals, and activists in connection with comments or reporting on issues such as corruption or public governance. Human rights reports also documented a number of incidents involving threats, incitement, and attacks against journalists while carrying out their work. At the same time, the year also witnessed certain judicial decisions that strengthened the protection of freedom of expression, including rulings acquitting activists or dismissing charges against them in cases related to political or artistic expression. The available data indicate that the legal framework governing freedom of expression continues to generate broad debate, particularly regarding the use of defamation provisions in the Penal Code to prosecute media expression, as well as ongoing discussions surrounding the draft media law aimed at modernizing Lebanon\u2019s media legislation.<\/span><\/p>\n

With regard to the right to liberty and personal security, cases related to detention and arrest continued to be recorded, including instances linked to the execution of judicial warrants or to individuals entering Lebanese territory irregularly. The year also saw a number of incidents involving kidnapping or unlawful detention in certain areas, with security forces in several cases successfully securing the release of victims and referring suspects to the competent judiciary. In the context of the Commission\u2019s follow-up on individual complaints, a number of reports were received concerning conditions of detention or loss of contact with detainees. The Commission engaged with the relevant judicial and security authorities to verify the legal basis of detention and to ensure respect for procedural safeguards as provided under Lebanese law and international standards.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the field of combating torture and ill-treatment, the data demonstrated the continued need to strengthen prevention and accountability mechanisms. The year witnessed the issuance of several important judicial decisions affirming the nullity of investigations conducted in violation of legal safeguards set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure, particularly those related to the right of suspects to legal counsel during preliminary interrogation. A landmark judicial ruling holding the Lebanese State responsible for damages suffered by a victim of torture in a well-known case also marked a significant step in the path toward judicial recognition of violations and reparations for victims. At the same time, these developments underscore the need to further reinforce the independence of investigations and to ensure accountability for acts of torture or ill-treatment in accordance with international law.<\/span><\/p>\n

Regarding the right of access to justice, 2025 continued to highlight challenges affecting the functioning of justice in Lebanon, particularly in major cases of national significance. The investigation into the Beirut Port explosion saw new judicial developments with the resumption of investigative proceedings and the summoning of several officials. However, ongoing procedural obstacles and the refusal of certain individuals to appear before the judiciary contributed to slow progress in the investigation. Other cases involving killings or serious assaults experienced varying degrees of judicial advancement, while some files remained pending due to issues related to the composition of judicial bodies or the lack of quorum in certain exceptional courts. These developments point to the persistence of structural challenges facing the Lebanese judiciary, particularly in terms of human and logistical resources, as well as the need to safeguard judicial independence.<\/span><\/p>\n

As for the right to life and physical integrity, several incidents of killings and violent assaults were recorded during the year, stemming from individual disputes or local conflicts. The continued phenomenon of celebratory gunfire on various occasions also remained a serious threat to civilian safety. In addition, some areas witnessed sporadic security incidents and limited armed clashes, which in certain cases resulted in casualties and required intervention by security and military forces to contain the situation. Available security data indicate the ongoing need for more effective policies to control the proliferation of unlicensed weapons and to strengthen the prevention of community-based violence.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the field of personal status<\/strong>, 2025 witnessed a number of judicial and legislative developments reflecting the ongoing debate over the regulation of civil marriage and personal status matters in Lebanon. Some courts issued decisions concerning the registration of civil marriages concluded abroad, while the year also saw the adoption of legislation or legal amendments related to the regulation of personal status for certain religious communities. These developments highlight the continued divergence between the existing sectarian-based personal status system and growing demands for the adoption of an optional civil personal status law.<\/p>\n

With regard to economic, social, and cultural rights<\/strong>, the deep economic and financial crisis continued to affect living standards and the enjoyment of basic rights. The deterioration of purchasing power and the rise in unemployment and poverty rates have impacted many families\u2019 ability to secure basic needs, including food, housing, healthcare, and education. Challenges in the provision of essential public services also persisted, particularly in the electricity, municipal, and health sectors. Estimates by international organizations indicate that a large proportion of the population continues to live below the poverty line or faces serious difficulties in accessing essential services.<\/p>\n

In this context, challenges related to the rights of the most vulnerable groups also became more pronounced, including refugees, migrant workers, children, women, and persons with disabilities. Human rights organizations documented ongoing difficulties faced by refugees in accessing basic services, employment, and education, as well as cases related to the conditions of migrant workers and their living and working situations. These findings underline the continued need for more inclusive social policies and for strengthening social protection systems to ensure a minimum level of economic and social rights for the most vulnerable groups.<\/p>\n

During 2025, the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, continued to carry out its mandate of monitoring the human rights situation, receiving individual complaints, and following up on public cases. Data derived from complaints and reports received by the Commission in 2025 indicate that 83 cases were recorded, including 15 documented cases and 9 cases that met the criteria for admissibility and registration. These cases covered a wide range of violations and human rights risks. Issues related to arrest, detention, and judicial procedures constituted the largest proportion, including allegations of ill-treatment during arrest, detention pursuant to judicial warrants, prolonged pretrial detention, and cases of detention at airports due to arrest warrants or mistaken identity. Cases of a family-related nature or involving threats and personal violence were also prominent, including death threats and serious family disputes. Additionally, one case involving online harassment and extortion was recorded, reflecting the growing digital dimension of violations related to privacy and human dignity. The data also included a case involving allegations of possible sexual crimes committed outside Lebanon, as well as a case concerning the humanitarian and social conditions of a migrant worker who sought assistance due to deteriorating living conditions. The data further indicate that approximately one-third of the cases involved foreign nationals or dual nationals, reflecting the cross-border nature of some complaints related to detention or legal disputes. In terms of institutional responses, the Commission\u2019s actions included follow-up with competent authorities, requests for official information, guidance toward relevant judicial or administrative mechanisms, and the registration of correspondence subject to the availability of evidence or jurisdiction. These indicators reflect the growing role of the Commission as a national mechanism for receiving complaints and monitoring violations, in light of the increasing diversity of cases, including detention-related violations, social and humanitarian risks, and digital violations, underscoring the need to strengthen legal protection mechanisms and institutional coordination to ensure effective responses.<\/p>\n

Within the framework of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture\u2019s work, the Committee implemented an extensive programme of field visits to places of detention during the year. These efforts included 60 documented visits and attempted visits, comprising 12 visits to prisons, central detention facilities, and specialized detention centers, such as Baabda Women\u2019s Prison, Qobbeh Women\u2019s Prison, the Dahr el-Bachek Juvenile Rehabilitation Center, the Wawar Juvenile Rehabilitation Center, the detention complex, Tripoli Courthouse detention facility, State Security detention center, and General Security detention in Beirut, as well as 48 visits to police stations, units, detachments, and barracks across Beirut, Mount Lebanon, North Lebanon, Akkar, and Nabatieh. The visits also targeted particularly vulnerable groups, including women, juveniles, foreigners, refugees, and persons with sensitive health or psychological conditions, with the aim of assessing their conditions of detention and ensuring respect for legal safeguards and international standards for the protection of persons deprived of liberty.<\/p>\n

These visits aimed to assess detention conditions and their compliance with international standards, including the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, as well as to monitor the situation of detainees and prisoners and document any potential violations. The findings indicated the persistence of certain challenges, particularly overcrowding in places of detention and the need to improve healthcare services and living conditions in prisons, despite efforts by the competent authorities to address these issues.<\/p>\n

Data derived from international cooperation activities and engagement with UN and regional mechanisms indicate that the National Human Rights Commission, including the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, undertook a wide range of institutional initiatives during the reporting period, including no fewer than 16 international activities and contributions. These included official reports and statements, participation in conferences and workshops, awareness initiatives, and the publication of reference materials. The efforts included two written submissions to UN mechanisms, one on the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and another in the international discussion on the interpretation of Article 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture. The Commission also participated in three international and regional events organized by institutions such as the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and UNICEF. In addition, at least four reference materials and international reports were published concerning the work of national preventive mechanisms, the implementation of international obligations, and the role of national institutions in addressing cross-border violations. At the level of institutional partnerships, three high-level meetings were held with international actors, including the European Union delegation and the EU Special Representative for Human Rights, alongside continued engagement in meetings of the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions. The Commission also participated in several initiatives organized by the Arab Network of National Human Rights Institutions, including cooperation in preparing and publishing regional reference materials on human rights education and promoting the exchange of expertise among national institutions in the Arab region. A notable institutional step was the submission of an application for international accreditation to the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions in November 2025, with the aim of obtaining \u201cA status\u201d accreditation in accordance with the Paris Principles. These indicators reflect the expansion of the Commission\u2019s presence in the international human rights space, its growing role in knowledge exchange and standard-setting, and the strengthening of cooperation with UN and regional partners to support human rights protection and the prevention of torture in Lebanon.<\/p>\n

In light of these findings, the report concludes that the human rights situation in Lebanon in 2025 reflects a complex reality combining persistent structural challenges with limited opportunities for reform. On the one hand, the ongoing economic and financial crisis continues to constrain the State\u2019s capacity to guarantee basic rights, while certain administrative and judicial practices still require greater alignment with international human rights standards. On the other hand, some judicial and institutional developments point to the possibility of gradual progress in accountability and the rule of law, provided that the necessary political will and legislative and institutional reforms are in place. Accordingly, the National Human Rights Commission emphasizes that strengthening human rights protection in Lebanon requires a comprehensive approach combining legislative and institutional reform, improved public administration, enhanced judicial independence, and expanded social protection systems, alongside the promotion of a human rights culture in society and the consolidation of accountability and transparency in public governance, in order to ensure the protection of human dignity and the safeguarding of rights and freedoms for all without discrimination.<\/p>\n

\n

Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n

This report is based on a multi-source analytical methodology grounded in the principles adopted by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles. The methodology aims to provide a comprehensive and objective assessment of the legal and factual human rights situation in Lebanon in 2025, through an analysis of the State\u2019s compliance with international human rights standards and the extent to which national legislation, policies, and practices align with these standards.<\/p>\n

The preparation of the report relied on a set of core methodological principles, foremost among them credibility, impartiality, independence, and verification of information. Data were collected and analyzed using an evidence-based approach, with reliance on multiple and corroborating sources to ensure accuracy and objectivity. A cross-verification principle was applied by comparing information from different sources, including official sources, international reports, civil society documentation, and reliable media data.<\/p>\n

Data collection included the review of a wide range of sources, including reports issued by the United Nations system, such as those of the Human Rights Council, special procedures, and treaty bodies, as well as reports by international and regional human rights organizations. The report also relied on studies and reports from Lebanese and international civil society organizations, in addition to official documents issued by Lebanese authorities, including laws, decrees, government decisions, administrative circulars, statements from executive and legislative authorities, and relevant judicial decisions.<\/p>\n

The analysis also incorporated academic studies and specialized legal publications, as well as documents and reports issued by relevant ministries, security agencies, and national bodies. These data were analyzed in light of Lebanon\u2019s constitutional and legal framework, its international obligations under the human rights treaties to which it is a party, and applicable customary rules of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.<\/p>\n

The report adopts a human rights-based approach in analyzing policies and practices, with particular emphasis on the principles of non-discrimination, equality, accountability, transparency, and participation. The analysis also takes into account groups most at risk of violations or vulnerability, including women, children, persons with disabilities, refugees, internally displaced persons, and detainees, in order to assess the extent to which public policies respond to their needs.<\/p>\n

Government policies and practices were assessed through analysis of official decisions, decrees, legislation, and administrative measures, as well as by examining their impact in practice. The analysis covered key areas of human rights, including the rule of law and judicial independence, freedom of opinion and expression, the rights of women and children, the rights of refugees and displaced persons, economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as conditions in places of detention and the prevention of torture and ill-treatment.<\/p>\n

In line with ethical standards for documenting human rights violations and reporting, the report adopts the \u201cdo no harm\u201d principle as a guiding framework for data collection, analysis, and dissemination. This principle requires taking all necessary measures to avoid exposing individuals, communities, witnesses, or sources to additional risks resulting from documentation or publication. Sensitive information, particularly relating to serious violations or individuals deprived of liberty or belonging to vulnerable groups, was handled with utmost care. The report avoids including any information that could directly or indirectly reveal the identity of victims, witnesses, or informants, unless explicit consent was obtained following a careful risk assessment.<\/p>\n

The report also adheres to the principle of source protection as a core professional standard in human rights monitoring and documentation. This includes measures to ensure confidentiality, such as withholding identities when necessary, using general descriptions, or omitting specific details that could lead to identification. The reliability of information from various sources was carefully assessed, and cross-verification was conducted whenever possible, without exposing sources to additional risks. This approach seeks to balance accuracy and transparency with the obligation to protect individuals contributing information on human rights violations.<\/p>\n

The report further applies the principle of free, prior, and informed consent, particularly in cases relying on personal testimonies. This entails ensuring that individuals provide information voluntarily and with a clear understanding of the purpose of its use, the nature of the report, the entity preparing it, and the potential for publication or use in advocacy or international reporting. Participants were informed of their options, including the right to anonymity and the right to withdraw consent at any stage. Additional safeguards were applied in cases involving vulnerable individuals, such as children, detainees, or victims of violence, to ensure respect for their dignity and psychological well-being in accordance with ethical standards in human rights work.<\/p>\n

Based on the comprehensive analysis of available data, the report identifies overall trends and key challenges facing the human rights system in Lebanon in 2025, highlighting positive legislative and institutional developments alongside legal and institutional gaps that may hinder the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.<\/p>\n

In light of this analysis, the report sets out a series of conclusions regarding patterns of violations and shortcomings in the implementation of international obligations, and provides practical recommendations aimed at strengthening human rights protection in Lebanon through the development of the legislative and institutional framework, enhancing accountability, and improving the implementation of international human rights standards in a manner adapted to the national context.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Executive Summary This annual report provides a comprehensive assessment of the human rights situation in Lebanon during 2025, in light of the State\u2019s constitutional and international obligations. 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